Biology - Natural Selection & Genetic Modification
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of inserting human genes into newly fertilized eggs?

  • To improve fossil analysis
  • To produce transgenic animals (correct)
  • To enhance biodiversity
  • To create genetically modified crops

    • GMOs are organisms whose DNA has not been modified.

    False

    Name one genetically modified organism mentioned in the content.

    Golden Rice

    The process where certain organisms survive and reproduce better than others due to genetic variations is called _____ selection.

    <p>natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fossils with their estimated brain sizes:

    <p>Lucy = 360cm³ Homo Habilis = 500-600cm³ Homo Erectus = 880cm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a con of GMOs?

    <p>Loss of biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective breeding increases genetic diversity in a species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of fossils in understanding evolution?

    <p>They provide evidence of past life and evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DNA analysis is used to study how _____ related organisms are.

    <p>closely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the earliest tools used by human ancestors?

    <p>Tools for cutting meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following genetically modified organisms with their specific traits:

    <p>GM Atlantic Cod = Genetically modified for enhanced growth Golden Rice = Enriched with beta-carotene Bacteria - human insulin = Produces insulin for diabetes treatment Maize = Herbicide-resistant crop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pros and cons of GMOs:

    <p>Produces animals with desired traits = Positive impact of selective breeding Increased risk of inbreeding = Negative impact of selective breeding May crossbreed with wild populations = Con of GMOs Normally expensive = Con of GMOs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following characteristics of natural selection:

    <p>Differences in genes = Cause of species variation Survival and reproduction = Criteria for natural selection Competition = Drives genetic variations Classification = Organizes organisms based on appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The levels of classification in order are: Domain, ____, Phylum, ____, Order, Family, ____, ____.

    <p>Kingdom, Class, Genus, Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 5 Kingdoms?

    <p>Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, Prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organisms ________ so some woolly mammoths would have had more hair than others. If an area got cold, those with more hair would be better ____. Woolly mammoths better suited to the environment would ____ and ____. If the area remained cold, there would be ____ natural selection in favor of ____ animals. Eventually, the animal would become a new ____ with lots of hair.

    <p>naturally vary, insulated, survive, reproduce, continual, hairier, species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to genetics and evolution with their definitions:

    <p>Genetic Variation = Diversity in gene frequencies within a population. Evolution = The process of natural selection leading to the evolution of a species across generations. Survival of the Fittest = Surviving and breeding for longer due to being better adapted to the environment. Natural Selection = The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following early hominins with their descriptions:

    <p>Ardi = A female human-like fossilised skeleton that dates from 4.4 million years ago. Lucy = A female human-like fossilised skeleton that dates from 3.2 million years ago. Homo Habilis = They walked upright, short with long arms. Homo Erectus = Richard Leakey discovered Turkana Boy in 1984 dating back to 1.6 million years ago.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Earliest tools date back to 3.2 million years ago.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Earliest tools were used to ____

    <p>Skin and cut meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fossils form?

    <p>Fossils are formed when traces or remains of organisms are preserved in sedimentary rock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic engineering can produce transgenic animals by inserting human genes into fertilized eggs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of genetic analysis in relation to organisms?

    <p>To study how closely related organisms are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fossils provide evidence of past life and _____ , showcasing the evolution of different species.

    <p>evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria in a population show ____ in the amount of ____ to an antibiotic. After an antibiotic course starts, over time the antibiotic kills more and more of the bacteria. The more resistant bacteria take the ____ to die. If the course of ____ is ended too ____ the resistant bacteria ____ and ____. The new population of bacteria are all now ____ to the antibiotic.

    <p>variation, resistance, longest, antibiotics, early, survive, reproduce, resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the 3 domains with their descriptions:

    <h1>Eukaryotes = Organisms with complex cells, including plants, animals, and fungi</h1> <p>Archaea = Single-celled organisms that often live in extreme environments Bacteria = Single-celled organisms that can be found in various environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cons of selective breeding:

    <p>Inbreeding = Potential for undesirable traits to emerge Reduced genetic diversity = Increased risk of genetic disorders due to a small 'gene pool' They are all genetically similar = Any disease affecting one will affect them all Useful alleles... = May become rare or disappear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What steps could you take to breed a cow variety that produces a lot of milk? (6 marks)

    <ol> <li>Choose or select the cows in your herd that produce the most milk. 2. Only let these cows reproduce. 3. Select the offspring that produce the most milk. 4. Only let these offspring reproduce. 5. Keep repeating the process of selection and breeding until you achieve your goal over many generations.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

    <p>Loss of biodiversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fossils provide no evidence of past life and evolution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes organisms whose DNA has been modified by inserting genes from another organism?

    <p>Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human insulin can be produced using ____ bacteria.

    <p>GM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following early hominins with their estimated brain sizes:

    <p>Lucy = 360cm³ Homo Habilis = 500-600cm³ Homo Erectus = 880cm³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes natural selection?

    <p>Certain organisms reproduce better due to advantageous traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of producing GM crops like Golden Rice?

    <p>Beta-carotene enrichment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fossils provide evidence of ____ and evolution.

    <p>past life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism can result from genetic engineering involving human genes?

    <p>Transgenic animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Genetic Engineering

    • Human genes are inserted into a fertilized egg
    • This is implanted into a surrogate mother
    • The resulting animal is known as a transgenic animal

    GMOs

    • Genetic modification of crops and animals
    • Includes: disease resistance, flavor, and producing desired traits.
    • Includes inserting genes from other organisms, e.g., bacteria into crops
    • May cause biodiversity loss; be expensive
    • Examples: Golden Rice, human insulin-producing bacteria, herbicide-resistant crops.
    • GMOs can yield more, grow faster, or have desired traits like disease resistance.

    Fossils

    • Preserved remains of organisms
    • Provides evidence of evolution over thousands or millions of years.
    • Fossil evidence shows human evolution.
    • Lucy: Female, 4.4 million years ago, estimated 3600cm³ brain size, walked upright; remains found with bones.
    • Homo Habilis: Their remains were found with 500cm³-600cm³ brain size, walked upright, used stone tools
    • Homo Erectus: Strongly built, fully upright, with estimated 880cm³ brain size, found with tools used 3.3 million years ago.
    • Turkana boy (1.6 million years ago)
    • Fossilized bones often provide information about the size of the brain, the tools used by a species and the time of their existence .

    Natural Selection and Genetic Modification

    • Organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
    • Genetic variations among offspring help with adaptation.
    • Selection pressure, like food and competition, leads to evolutionary changes.
    • Genetic differences are passed down through generations.
    • Natural selection and genetic modification shape an organism's traits
    • Examples: antibiotic resistance in bacteria, coat color in animals.
    • Genetic variation between offspring is caused by variations in genes passed down from parents and environmental factors
    • Differences in breeding selection can lead to different species
    • Natural selection can lead to the evolution of new traits and characteristics.

    Genetic Analysis

    • Comparing DNA; Scientists examine DNA to understand how closely related organisms are.
    • Over time, analyzing DNA allows scientists to see how closely organisms are related
    • Comparing DNA helps understand evolutionary relationships between organisms.
    • Scientists can identify where groups of organisms split apart from one another, identifying common ancestors.
    • Genetic analysis helps scientists understand evolutionary relationships.

    Selective Breeding

    • The process of breeding animals or plants with specific traits
    • Animals (or plants) with desirable traits are selected and bred to produce offspring with those traits.
    • This can lead to reduced genetic diversity in breeds, which in turn can make those animals more susceptible to disease.
    • Example: Cows selected for producing more milk, size, or looks; specific desired characteristics in crops.
    • Selective breeding can involve selecting for or against specific traits based on environment, e.g. selecting for cows to survive well with less favourable environmental conditions.
    • Selective breeding can reduce genetic diversity in a population, making them more susceptible to diseases.
    • Over many generations, it can create traits that are not found in the original organism, and potentially increase risk to disease.
    • Selective breeding can influence the outcome of natural selection.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on genetic engineering, GMOs, and fossil evidence. This quiz covers key concepts including transgenic animals, human evolution, and the impact of genetic modification. Challenge yourself with questions that explore the intersection of genetics and natural selection.

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