Genetics and Ethics

Human Genome Project (HGP)

• Identify people at risk of developing medical conditions such as heart disease, cancer, or diabetes.
• Reasons to identify people at risk:
  • Warn people to make lifestyle changes.
  • Give people a more informed choice in planning their lives.
  • Plan medical provision/monitoring for the individual.
  • Target drug treatment to delay onset/reduce symptoms.
  • Determine healthcare priorities.

Carrier Discrimination

• Reasons why carriers of breast cancer genes should not face discrimination:
  • It is not their fault that they have the gene.
  • Reducing economic risks across all of society.

Mitosis and Cellular Division

• Importance of mitosis and cellular division:
  • Repair.
  • Growth.
  • Asexual reproduction.
• Stages of the cell cycle:
  • Interphase: cell grows and subcellular structures duplicate.
  • Mitosis: DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.
  • Cytokinesis: cell membrane divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells.
• Correct order of cell cycle stages:
  • A: The number of cell structures increases.
  • B: The cell membrane and cytoplasm divide.
  • C: Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.
  • D: The cell increases in size and the chromosomes make copies of themselves.
  • E: The cell fully divides to make two new cells.
  • F: The nucleus divides.

Periodic Table

• Early forms of the periodic table were ordered by atomic weight.
• Mendeleev's contribution to the design of the periodic table:
  • He used atomic weight and chemical properties to produce his table.
  • He left gaps in his table for undiscovered elements.
  • He swapped the positions of iodine and tellurium to suit their properties better.
• Importance of gallium's discovery:
  • Successfully tested Mendeleev's periodic table.

Isotopes and Modern Periodic Table

• Isotopes: different forms of the same element.
• Reason for change to the modern periodic table:
  • Isotopes caused a change to the modern periodic table.

Electronic Structure

• Group number represents the number of electrons in the outer shell.
• Period number represents the number of electron shells.
• Elements in each group have similar electron configurations.
• Elements in each period have the same number of electron shells.

Ions and Subatomic Particles

• Atoms want to have their outer shell full, leading them to react to create ions.
• Ions are charged particles from the gain or loss of electrons.
• Calculating the number of subatomic particles in an ion and its charge:
  • Metals react to form positive ions.
  • Non-metals react to form negative ions.

Metals and Non-Metals

• Location of metals and non-metals on the periodic table:
  • Metals: left and center of the periodic table.
  • Non-metals: right of the periodic table.
• Properties of metals:
  • Shiny appearance.
  • Very hard/hard.
  • Malleable.
  • Ductile.
  • Good thermal conduction.
  • Good electrical conduction.
  • Higher density.
  • Sonorous.
• Properties of non-metals:
  • Dull appearance.
  • Brittle.
  • Non-malleable.
  • Non-ductile.
  • Bad thermal conduction.
  • Bad electrical conduction.
  • Lower density.
  • No sound (dull sound).