Genetics and Embryology Concepts

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What is the basis of biparental inheritance and variation in species?

Cleavage of the zygote

Fusion of male and female pronucleus (correct)

Formation of Pronucleus

Passage of sperm through Corona Radiata

Which event directly follows the penetration of the Zona Pellucida surrounding the Oocyte during fertilization?

Zonal reaction (correct)

Prevention of polyspermy

Formation of Pronucleus

Capacitation and Acrosomal reaction

What is the main function of the cortical granules present within the plasma membrane of the egg?

Prevent polyspermy

Promote cleavage of the zygote

Facilitate fusion of plasma membrane of sperm and oocyte

Hydrolyze the sperm receptor molecules in Zona Pellucida (correct)

Which process involves the breakdown of membrane to form a Zygote during fertilization?

Formation of Pronucleus Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does the female nucleus undergo decondensation to form the female pronucleus in an oocyte?

Formation of Pronucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Capacitation' process that sperm undergo in the uterus and uterine tube?

To remove the glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins from the surface of the acrosome, preparing it for the acrosomal reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Zona Pellucida surrounding the freshly released ovum?

To provide a protective barrier for the ovum Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Acrosomal Reaction' that occurs in sperm after capacitation?

To trigger the release of enzymes that will help the sperm penetrate the zona pellucida of the egg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key event that occurs during the fertilization process?

Capacitation of the sperm Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Zonal Reaction' that occurs in the egg after a sperm has attached and penetrated the zona pellucida?

To prevent other sperm from also penetrating the zona pellucida and fertilizing the egg (polyspermy) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the acrosomal reaction in the fertilization process?

To release enzymes that digest the Zona Pellucida Signup and view all the answers

How long does it typically take for a sperm to reach the uterine tube after ejaculation?

7-9 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events occurs immediately after the fusion of the sperm and ovum?

The ovum's metabolism is activated, initiating the development of the embryo Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which polyspermy (the fertilization of an ovum by multiple sperm) is prevented?

The ovum's plasma membrane becomes hyperpolarized, repelling additional sperm Signup and view all the answers

How long can a sperm typically survive in the female reproductive tract after ejaculation?

24-36 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the bilaminar embryo is converted into a trilaminar embryo?

Gastrulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events occurs prior to the attachment of the blastocyst during implantation?

Shedding of the zona pellucida Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a single-celled zygote undergoes a series of mitotic divisions to form a solid ball of cells called a morula?

Cleavage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a situation where different cells within an organism have different genetic compositions, resulting from a mutation or the introduction of a different cell during early development?

Mosaicism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is responsible for preventing the entry of multiple sperm into an ovum during fertilization?

Cortical reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types was used to demonstrate the proof-of-principle experiment for rescuing a sickle cell anemia mouse model?

Hematopoietic progenitors Signup and view all the answers

What is a major challenge for grafting hESC-derived cardiomyocytes in a model of myocardial ischemia?

Achieving sufficient scale of cell production Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type was shown to exhibit 'immature character' when differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

Cardiac myocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) compared to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for disease modeling?

Ability to model diseases in the Petri dish Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches is mentioned as an alternative to using retroviruses for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)?

Small molecules, modified-RNA, proteins, miRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of directly differentiating cardiac fibroblasts into cardiac myocytes called?

Transdifferentiation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT involved in the direct differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into cardiac myocytes?

LIF Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells can be transformed into pancreatic beta cells according to the text?

Pancreatic exocrine cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of cells can be derived from skin fibroblasts?

Hematopoietic progenitors Signup and view all the answers

In the study mentioned, what combination of factors induced cardiac gene expression in cells?

Three Transcription Factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of hematopoietic progenitors?

Producing blood cells in different stages of life Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is responsible for cardiomyocytes differentiation?

Transdifferentiated cells Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'transdifferentiation' refer to in stem cell research?

The direct differentiation of one specialized cell type into another Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of pancreatic beta cells?

Producing insulin in response to blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell is primarily involved in motor neurons development?

Embryonic stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using patient-specific embryonic stem cells (ES cells) derived through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)?

The ES cells would be genetically identical to the patient, reducing the risk of immune rejection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ethical concern associated with the use of human embryonic stem cells derived through SCNT?

The limited supply of human eggs available for the SCNT procedure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) over embryonic stem cells derived through SCNT?

iPSCs can be derived without the destruction of embryos, avoiding ethical concerns. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types could potentially be derived from patient-specific embryonic stem cells obtained through SCNT?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a non-pluripotent cell can be directly converted into another cell type without going through an intermediate pluripotent state?