Genetics and Chromosomes Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main benefits of breastfeeding for infants during the first 12 months?

It is less expensive than formula feeding.

It offers all nutrients needed for growth. (correct)

It provides higher levels of protein than solid foods.

It eliminates the need for vaccinations.

When can solid foods be introduced to infants?

Right after birth.

Between 6 to 12 months, starting gradually. (correct)

Only after one year.

At three months.

What impact does adequate nutrition have on social and emotional functioning?

It fosters more peer involvement and positive emotions. (correct)

It can result in negative emotions and anxiety.

It has no effect on emotional health.

It leads to increased isolation.

What is a key advantage of maintaining a high level of physical activity throughout life?

It contributes to overall well-being and longevity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why breastfeeding is considered beneficial?

It is a comprehensive solution for all infant health issues. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of sickle-cell anemia?

It causes red blood cells to become elongated. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with sickle-cell anemia?

Frequent headaches Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by an X chromosome that is particularly vulnerable to damage?

Fragile X syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following personality traits reflects how emotionally stable an individual is?

Neuroticism Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is associated with being outgoing and sociable?

Extroversion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits indicates high levels of thoughtfulness and good impulse control?

Contentiousness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the Big Five personality traits is linked to being reactive and experiencing negative emotions?

Neuroticism Signup and view all the answers

How does sickle-cell anemia affect an individual's growth?

It may lead to stunted growth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most severe form of malnutrition that leads to a child stopping growth and can ultimately result in death?

Marasmus Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when a sperm and ovum fuse to create a new life?

Fertilization Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a child's stomach, limbs, and face swelling due to nutrient malabsorption?

Kwashiorkor Signup and view all the answers

Which eating disorder is characterized by extreme refusal to eat and often results in a skeletal appearance?

Anorexia Nervosa Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans possess?

23 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient deficiency primarily leads to the development of marasmus in infants?

Proteins and calories Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a genotype?

The combination of genetic material present but not visible Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is caused by a parasite and can initially present without symptoms?

Trichomoniasis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of recessive traits?

They require two alleles to be expressed. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two kinds of multiple births?

Monozygotic and dizygotic Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception exists regarding obesity in infancy?

It leads to obesity later in life. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for chlamydial infections?

Antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as a cause of multiple births?

Environmental influences Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding genital herpes?

It leads to painful sores in the genital area. Signup and view all the answers

What role do genes play in human development?

They provide the genetic instructions for development. Signup and view all the answers

What is the observable trait called in genetics?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes biological addiction?

The body cannot function normally without the substance. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes psychological addiction?

Using drugs to avoid facing personal issues. Signup and view all the answers

At what age should women begin yearly mammogram screenings?

At the age of 40. Signup and view all the answers

How often should women ages 40 to 49 undergo Pap smear tests?

Every 2 to 3 years after 3 normal tests. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following screenings is advised every year for women regardless of their age?

Mammogram. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a pelvic exam?

To detect pelvic abnormalities. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to women aged 70 and older with three consecutive normal Pap tests?

They can stop having Pap tests at age 70. Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs due to biological addiction in the body?

Physical changes make normal functioning difficult without the drug. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Genes and Chromosomes

Humans begin life as a single cell called a zygote, formed by the fusion of an ovum and a sperm
The zygote contains over 2 billion coded messages that guide the development of a human
Genes are specific sequences of DNA
Chromosomes are rod-shaped portions of DNA, arranged in 23 pairs
Each chromosome contains genetic instructions for an individual
Chromosomes replicate via mitosis

Multiple Births

Multiple births occur in two types: monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal)
Fertility drugs can increase the likelihood of multiple births
Racial, ethnic, and national differences also play a role in the incidence of multiple births

Mixing and Matching Genes

Dominant traits are expressed, while recessive are unexpressed
Genotype refers to the combination of genetic material present, but is not outwardly visible
Phenotype is the observable trait, the one that is actually seen

Sickle-Cell Anemia

Sickle-cell anemia is a blood disorder affecting the shape of red blood cells
Symptoms include poor appetite, stunted growth, swollen stomach and yellowish eyes

Inherited and Genetic Disorders

Fragile X syndrome is characterized by an X chromosome that is susceptible to damage, which can cause intellectual limitations
Sickle-cell anemia is a blood disorder affecting the shape of red blood cells

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality

Neuroticism and extroversion are two of the “Big Five” personality traits linked to genetic factors
The other three “Big Five” personality traits are:
- Contentiousness
- Openness
- Agreeableness

Malnutrition

Malnutrition is a condition of having an improper amount and balance of nutrients
It is more common in children living in developing countries
Malnutrition can lead to slower growth rates and lower IQ scores

Severe Malnutrition

Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition, occurring during the first year of life, characterized by wasting away
Kwashiorkor affects older children, characterized by swelling of the stomach, limbs and face

Obesity in Infancy

While links between infant obesity and later obesity are not fully established, focus should be placed on appropriate nutrition

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by refusal to eat and denial of the impact on appearance
Bulimia is characterized by binge eating followed by purging
Both disorders are more common in females

Other Sexually Transmitted Infections

Trichomoniasis is a vaginal or penile infection caused by a parasite, leading to discharge
Chlamydia is a bacterial infection that can cause burning urination and discharge, with a risk of pelvic inflammation and sterility
Genital herpes is a viral infection that can cause genital sores and is contagious

Facets of Addiction

Biological addiction is characterized by physical dependence on drugs, leading to changes in the nervous system
Psychological addiction is characterized by reliance on drugs to cope with stress, preventing individuals from addressing underlying issues

Adult Preventive Health-Care Screening Recommendations

Breast self-exams should be conducted monthly after age 40
Mammograms are recommended annually after age 40
Pap smears are recommended every 2 to 3 years after 3 normal tests in a row, unless at special risk
Pelvic exams are recommended annually if ovaries remain after hysterectomy

Introducing Solid Foods

Solids can be introduced at 6 months but are not needed until 9 to 12 months
Cereal and strained fruits are generally the first solids introduced
Weaning time varies across countries

Benefits of Adequate Nutrition

Social and emotional functioning benefits include:
- More peer involvement
- More positive emotions
- Less anxiety
- More eagerness to explore new environments
- More persistence in frustrating situations
- Generally higher energy levels

The Benefits of Exercise

Physical activity throughout life provides numerous benefits, including improved health and well-being

Breastfeeding

Breast milk provides all the nutrients infants need for the first 12 months of life
It is easier to digest than alternatives, provides immunity to diseases, and enhances cognitive growth
Breastfeeding offers significant emotional advantages for mother and child
However, it is not a cure-all for infant nutrition and health

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts of genetics and chromosomes, including the formation of the zygote, gene sequences, and chromosome pairs. It also explores multiple births and the genetic factors influencing them, alongside dominant and recessive traits. Test your knowledge about genetic disorders such as sickle-cell anemia.