Genetics and Cell Division

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What is the consequence of inserting or deleting a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three during translation?

A stop codon is introduced resulting in a shorter protein
The amino acid sequence of the protein remains unchanged
A single amino acid is changed in the sequence
A frameshift occurs (correct)

What type of mutation results in a protein with a single changed amino acid in the sequence?

Frameshift mutation
Silent mutation
Nonsense mutation
Missense mutation (correct)

What is the term for mutations that result in no change to the amino acid sequence of the protein?

Frameshift mutation
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Silent mutation (correct)

What type of mutation can result in proteins that are much shorter than they should be?

Nonsense mutation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation involves the break and re-join of entire parts of chromosomes?

Inversion mutation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of genetic material in living cells?

To determine the characteristics passed from parent to offspring (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for mutations that result in a change to the reading frame of the genetic code?

Frameshift mutation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

RNA is usually a single strand, while DNA is always double stranded (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mRNA in the process of making proteins?

To transcribe DNA into a short-term message (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA replication?

To pass genetic material from parent cell to daughter cell (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the genetic material that determines the characteristics passed from parent to offspring?

Molecule of heredity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of making proteins from the short-term message of mRNA?

Translation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a fertilisation process?

Zygotes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of a person with Turner syndrome?

Underdeveloped ovaries (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the karyotype of a person with Klinefelter syndrome?

47, XXY (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of people with Down syndrome?

Slanted eyes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cell having an abnormal number of chromosomes?

Aneuploidy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible health complication for people with Down syndrome?

More likely to develop leukaemia and thyroid gland problems (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a change in the DNA sequence?

The mRNA sequence changes, which may affect the protein produced. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutation is characterized by the substitution of one nucleotide for another?

Point mutation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the addition or removal of one or more nucleotides from a sequence?

Insertion/deletion mutation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a disorder caused by a single substitution mutation?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a mutation that affects the way codons are read in the mRNA sequence?

Frameshift mutation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the general term for changes in the DNA sequence?

Mutations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of messenger RNA?

To carry a copy of genetic information that can be moved (D) Signup and view all the answers

During transcription, what is the role of the enzyme RNA polymerase?

To synthesize new RNA strands by joining nucleotides (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between DNA and mRNA?

DNA is used for storage, while mRNA is used for protein synthesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription occur in a eukaryotic cell?

In the nucleus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of copying the DNA code into mRNA?

Transcription (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the four different bases found in RNA?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Uracil (A) Signup and view all the answers