Biology Chapter 3: Genetics and Cell Division
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Questions and Answers

What is the total number of chromosomes in a human cell?

  • 23
  • 44
  • 22
  • 46 (correct)

    • The Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome in males.

    False

    What are the four types of nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

    Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine

    The backbone of the DNA molecule is made up of alternating __________ and __________.

    <p>phosphate groups, sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Karyotype = Diagram of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell Codons = Triplets of bases coding for amino acids Autosomal chromosomes = 22 pairs of regular chromosomes Enzymes = Biological catalysts that control chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

    <p>To serve as a messenger from DNA to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structure formed when duplicated chromosomes are joined together?

    <p>sister chromatids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During _____ phase of the cell cycle, DNA is synthesized.

    <p>S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the phases of mitosis with their descriptions:

    <p>Prophase = Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Metaphase = Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate Anaphase = Sister chromatids are pulled apart Telophase = Nuclear membrane forms around new nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of mutations?

    <p>Growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chromosomes are formed during interphase.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the haploid number of chromosomes in humans?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diploid cell contains _____ sets of chromosomes.

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key to genetics as described in biology?

    <p>Central Dogma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?

    <p>23 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis produces diploid daughter cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fusion of a sperm and an egg?

    <p>zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis, _____ cells are produced, which contain half the chromosome number of the original cell.

    <p>haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its definition:

    <p>Nondisjunction = Failure of chromosomes to separate properly Euploidy = Correct number of chromosomes Monosomy = Missing a chromosome Polysomy = Having an extra chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of meiosis is primarily responsible for genetic variation through crossing over?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each haploid daughter cell produced by meiosis contains 23 chromosomes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two processes of meiosis that produce gametes called?

    <p>spermatogenesis and oogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The positions where genes are located on homologous chromosomes are called _____.

    <p>loci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of nondisjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Additional chromosome(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Independent assortment refers to how homologous chromosomes align during meiosis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chromosomes are produced by meiosis?

    <p>haploid chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis occurs in the _____ tissues of an organism.

    <p>reproductive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the genetic disorders with their causes:

    <p>Down syndrome = Trisomy due to nondisjunction Turner syndrome = Monosomy (XO) Klinefelter syndrome = Extra X chromosome (XXY) Patau syndrome = Trisomy 13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist is known as the father of modern genetics?

    <p>Gregory Mendel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Mendel's theory, dominant traits can be expressed regardless of the presence of recessive traits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Punnett square used for?

    <p>To determine the combination of recessive and dominant alleles when parents mate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetics, a _____________ is the genetic makeup of an organism.

    <p>genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a monohybrid cross?

    <p>Cross involving one trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blending theory suggests that offspring are a mix of traits from both parents and that original traits cannot appear again.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what incomplete dominance is in genetics.

    <p>It is when neither allele completely masks the other, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of both.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Law of ____________ states that allele pairs segregate during gamete formation.

    <p>Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their characteristics:

    <p>Codominance = Both alleles are expressed equally Incomplete dominance = A blend of two alleles is expressed True breeding = Organisms consistently produce offspring with the same traits Dihybrid cross = Involves two traits being studied simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross, what does it analyze?

    <p>Two traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis results in gametes that contain two alleles of each gene.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

    <p>Homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a trait, while heterozygous refers to having two different alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of artificial selection?

    <p>To select individuals with desired traits for reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reproductive cloning results in a genetically identical organism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of therapeutic cloning?

    <p>To promote embryonic stem cell growth for medical treatments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ____ is a process that involves pollinating flowers using human intervention.

    <p>Artificial pollination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reproductive technologies with their definitions:

    <p>Artificial insemination = Collecting male sperm and inserting it into the female's uterus In Vitro Fertilization = Fertilizing eggs outside the body before implanting them Gene cloning = Isolating and replicating specific genes for use in other organisms Hybridization = Breeding parents from different populations or species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential drawback of cloning?

    <p>Reduced lifespan of the cloned organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All reproductive technologies enhance genetic diversity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one application of gene cloning?

    <p>Producing insulin for diabetes treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of forming an embryo from a somatic cell and an egg cell is called ______.

    <p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cloning with its description:

    <p>Reproductive cloning = Creation of a complete organism Therapeutic cloning = Cloning for stem cell therapy Gene cloning = Isolating specific genes Natural cloning = Occurs without human intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a concern regarding genetically modified foods?

    <p>Reduction in genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can only be derived from embryonic tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cloning makes an organism identical to another?

    <p>Reproductive cloning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The selection of embryos based on desired traits is often referred to as ______.

    <p>eugenics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of embryonic stem cells?

    <p>They can develop into any type of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flower color results from heterozygous alleles in snapdragons?

    <p>Pink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All X-linked traits are dominant.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype for a roan cow?

    <p>CᴿCᵂ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele is called __________.

    <p>autosomal dominant disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood types with their properties:

    <p>Type A = Dominant over Type O Type B = Dominant over Type O Type AB = Codominant with Type A and B Type O = Universal donor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is true for recessive traits in pedigrees?

    <p>They can skip generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All genes are inherited independently of one another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of using a pedigree chart?

    <p>To track the inheritance patterns of traits over generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chromosome that typically carries more genes is the __________ chromosome.

    <p>X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following traits with their inheritance type:

    <p>Polydactyly = Autosomal dominant Color blindness = X-linked recessive Hemophilia = X-linked recessive Cystic fibrosis = Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the symbol 'Cᴿ' represent in snapdragon genetics?

    <p>Red allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Y chromosome can carry traits that affect fertility in the offspring.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by codominance in genetics?

    <p>Both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood type _______ is considered the universal recipient.

    <p>AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many alleles typically determine blood type?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    DNA/RNA

    • Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
    • Genetics is the branch of biology studying heredity and variations in inherited traits.
    • Chromosomes are thread-like structures that package DNA in the nucleus.
    • DNA contains instructions for specific types of life.
    • DNA is located inside the nucleus.
    • Chromosomes are inherited in equal halves from each parent.
    • Karyotype: diagram of homologous chromosome pairs in a cell.
    • Humans have 23 homologous pairs (46 total chromosomes).
    • Autosomal chromosomes (22 pairs) determine non-sex traits; sex chromosomes (1 pair) determine sex.
    • XX = female; XY = male.
    • Males' sex chromosomes differ in size (X and Y).
    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double helix structure.
    • DNA determines protein structure.
    • Enzymes are proteins acting as biological catalysts.
    • DNA is made of nucleotides.
    • Nucleotides consist of: a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
    • Phosphate and sugar make up the DNA backbone.
    • Bases form the rungs.
    • Four nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C).
    • Complementary base pairing: A with T; G with C.
    • Codons are sequences of three bases coding for amino acids.
    • Genes are segments of DNA specifying traits and protein production.
    • Proteins create phenotypes.
    • Locus: gene's location on a chromosome.
    • DNA sequence carries information for protein function.
    • Proteins fold into specific 3D shapes.
    • DNA stays in the nucleus; mRNA transports genetic information to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
    • Central dogma: DNA → RNA → protein.
    • RNA differs from DNA: single-stranded, ribose sugar, uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
    • Mutations: changes in DNA sequence.
    • Point mutations: single base changes.
    • Frame-shift mutations: insertion or deletion of bases.
    • Mutagens: agents causing mutations (e.g., X-rays, chemicals, UV).

    Cell Cycle & Mitosis

    • Mitosis: cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.
    • Human cells have 46 chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes).
    • Karyotype diagrams cells' chromosomes.
    • Cell cycle stages: Interphase (G1, S, G2), Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.
    • Interphase: cell growth and DNA replication.
    • Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down.
    • Metaphase: chromosomes align at the cell's center.
    • Anaphase: sister chromatids separate.
    • Telophase: new nuclear membranes form.
    • Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division.
    • Mitosis functions: growth, cell repair, and maintenance.

    Meiosis

    • Diploid (2n): full set of chromosomes.

    • Haploid (n): half a set of chromosomes.

    • Homologous pairs: chromosomes with similar genes.

    • Autosomes: non-sex chromosomes.

    • Meiosis: cell division producing four haploid gametes (sperm or egg).

    • Meiosis I and II: two cell divisions.

    • Meiosis I reduces chromosome number.

    • Meiosis II separates sister chromatids.

    • Spermatogenesis: sperm production.

    • Oogenesis: egg production.

    • Nondisjunction: chromosomes failing to separate properly, leading to abnormal gametes.

    • Nondisjunction in Meiosis I results in homologous chromosomes not separating.

    • Meiosis II nondisjunction results in sister chromatids not separating properly.

    • Nondisjunction causes chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner syndrome).

    • Nondisjunction can arise from errors in interphase or cell division phases.

    • Variation = genetic diversity in offspring.

    • Meiosis II similar to mitosis (no replication).

    • Crossing over in prophase I shuffles genes/increases diversity.

    • Independent assortment in metaphase I creates variations in gamete combinations.

    • Random fertilization further increases genetic variation in offspring.

    Reproductive Technologies

    • Reproductive technologies: enhance or alter reproduction.
    • Artificial selection: choosing organisms with desirable traits for breeding.
    • Hybridization: crossing different populations/species to create offspring.
    • Artificial insemination: introducing male sperm into female reproductive tract.
    • In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): egg fertilization outside the body.
    • Cloning: creating genetically identical copies.
    • Reproductive cloning: creating a whole new organism.
    • Methods: artificial twinning, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
    • Therapeutic cloning: creating stem cells for medical purposes.
    • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): reprogram adult cells into embryonic-like stem cells.
    • Gene cloning: inserting genes into other organisms to produce desired proteins.
    • Example usage: creating insulin for diabetics or pesticides for crops.

    Patterns of Inheritance

    • Pangenesis: incorrect theory that body parts contribute genes.

    • Epigenesis: development in stages.

    • Blending theory: offspring traits are a mix of parental traits.

    • Mendel: father of modern genetics.

    • Pea plants used for genetic studies.

    • Traits: specific characteristics.

    • True-breeding: organisms consistently showing the same trait across generations.

    • Cross-pollination: controlled fertilization.

    • Law of Segregation: alleles separate during gamete formation, with each gamete receiving only one.

    • Principle of Dominance: the dominant allele masks the recessive allele’s expression.

    • Genotype: genetic makeup (e.g., HH, Hh, hh).

    • Phenotype: observable trait (e.g., tall, short).

    • Complete dominance: one allele completely masks another.

    • Incomplete dominance: heterozygote displays an intermediate trait.

    • Codominance: both alleles are fully expressed in heterozygotes.

    • Dihybrid cross: examining inheritance of two traits.

    • Law of Independent Assortment: alleles of different genes segregate independently into gametes.

    Sex-Linked Traits & Multiple Alleles

    • Sex-linked traits: traits controlled by genes on sex chromosomes (X and Y).
    • X-linked traits more common (due to X chromosome's larger size).
    • Y-linked traits passed from fathers to sons only.
    • Multiple alleles: more than two alleles available for a gene.
    • Blood type example: different genotypes result in various phenotypes (A, B, AB, O).
    • Rh factor: presence or absence of a protein in blood (positive/negative).

    Pedigrees

    • Pedigree: chart demonstrating inheritance patterns of traits through generations.
    • Autosomal inheritance: inheritance determined by genes on non-sex chromosomes.
    • Autosomal dominant: disorder appears in each generation.
    • Autosomal recessive: disorder can skip generations.
    • Pedigree analysis used to understand inheritance.
    • Pedigrees help identify inheritance patterns, calculate probabilities of offspring having a trait, and identify carriers.

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    Test your understanding of genetics and cell division concepts with this quiz. Covering topics such as chromosome structure, DNA bases, and the phases of mitosis and meiosis, this quiz challenges your knowledge of essential biological principles. Perfect for students studying biology in high school or college.

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