Genetics and Cell Biology Quiz

Genetic Disorders and Inheritance

• Hemophilia is a genetic disorder caused by Chargraff's Rule, which affects the codon sequence in DNA structure.
• Codons are sequences of three nucleotides in DNA that code for specific amino acids.
• Mitosis is the process of cell division that occurs in somatic cells, resulting in two daughter cells with identical DNA.

Cell Cycle and Cancer

• Cancer drugs target the cell cycle, which consists of interphase and mitosis.
• Colchicine is a drug that inhibits the cell cycle, specifically during mitosis.
• The cell cycle is regulated by proteins synthesized during protein synthesis.

Protein Synthesis and RNA

• Protein synthesis involves three forms of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
• Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA copy from DNA.
• Translation is the process of building a protein from the mRNA sequence.

Genes and Traits

• The sequence of genes determines the sequence of proteins, which in turn determines the phenotype of an organism.
• Mendel's laws of inheritance describe how genes are passed from one generation to the next, using the symbols P, F1, and F2.

Genetic Disorders and Inheritance Patterns

• X-linked genetic disorders, such as color blindness, hemophilia, and muscular dystrophy, are inherited in a sex-linked pattern.
• Pedigrees are used to track the inheritance of traits and identify patterns of inheritance.
• Meiosis is the process of cell division that occurs in germ cells, resulting in four daughter cells with unique combinations of DNA.
• Crossing over in meiosis increases genetic diversity by swapping genes between homologous chromosomes.
• The key difference between meiosis and mitosis is that meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes from 2N to N, while mitosis maintains the same number of chromosomes.