Genetics and Blood Quiz

Pairs of alleles separate during gamete formation.

Pairs of alleles are sorted independently into gametes.

The dominant allele masks the effect of the recessive allele.

A species is considered extinct when no individuals of that species remain.

Occurs when a large number of species go extinct over a short period of time.

The liquid part of blood containing various components including blood cells, salts, vitamins, sugars, minerals, proteins, and cellular wastes.

Iron-rich molecules within red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

Cells that protect the body from infections and illnesses by attacking pathogens.

Irregularly shaped cell fragments that help stop bleeding by plugging wounds and forming blood clots.

Substances that trigger the immune system to produce antibodies.

Proteins produced by the immune system that bind to antigens and help neutralize them.

A type of protein found on the surface of red blood cells.

Variations of a gene, each containing different information for a specific trait.

A three-carbon sugar phosphate molecule produced during the Calvin Cycle.

The process of converting G3P into TP, using NADPH and ATP.

The regeneration of RuBP requires ATP from the light-dependent reactions.

Six molecules of G3P are produced per cycle, and one TP molecule is used to form half a glucose molecule. Therefore, two cycles are required for a full glucose molecule.

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, which use ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to convert CO2 into sugar.

The initial step in the Calvin Cycle, where carbon dioxide is incorporated into an organic molecule.

A five-carbon sugar molecule that acts as a carbon dioxide acceptor in the Calvin Cycle.

The conversion of five molecules of TP into three molecules of RuBP.

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in photosystems, exciting electrons that move through a chain, creating energy to pump H+ ions into the thylakoid.

The pH gradient drives H+ ions back through ATP synthase, creating ATP. This is directly linked to the movement of electrons in the electron transport chain.

NADP+ is reduced to NADPH using electrons and energy from the electron transport chain. This is essential for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.

Water is split to replace lost electrons in the electron transport chain, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

The energy carriers ATP and NADPH are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. This process happens in the stroma.

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to break down food molecules into ATP. This process occurs in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria.

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces less ATP than aerobic respiration. It only takes place in the cytoplasm.

Photosystems are clusters of pigments in the thylakoid membrane that absorb light energy, causing electrons within the pigments to become excited and transfer to carrier molecules within the membrane.

The process of electrons moving through a series of carrier molecules, releasing energy used to pump protons into the thylakoid lumen creating a proton gradient.

The use of light energy to produce ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. This process is driven by the proton gradient established during electron transport.

The process where excited electrons from Photosystem I reduce NADP+ to NADPH, using the energy released from electron transport.

The splitting of water molecules by light energy to release electrons, protons, and oxygen. The electrons replace those lost from Photosystem II, and the protons contribute to the proton gradient driving ATP synthesis.

The initial step of the Calvin cycle, where CO2 is attached to RuBP by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase (Rubisco), forming an unstable 6-carbon compound that splits into two 3-carbon compounds, glycerate-3-phosphate (GP).

The reduction of glycerate-3-phosphate (GP) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) using energy from ATP and reducing power from NADPH.

In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate (a 4-carbon molecule) to form citrate (a 6-carbon molecule).

Two carbon atoms are released as carbon dioxide (CO2) during the Krebs cycle, reforming the original 4-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate).

The Krebs cycle generates electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), which are crucial for the electron transport chain.

The electron transport chain utilizes energy from electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to pump protons (H+ ions) across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient (proton motive force).

The proton gradient drives the movement of protons through ATP Synthase, a protein embedded in the membrane, which generates ATP.

Oxygen (O2) acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, preventing the chain from becoming blocked.

Without oxygen, the electron transport chain cannot function, and ATP production halts.

The electron transport chain relies on a proton gradient to generate ATP through the protein ATP synthase.