Genética y Herencia

Study Notes

Inheritance Patterns

Mendelian Inheritance: follows the laws of Mendel, describing how traits are passed down from generation to generation
- Law of Segregation: each pair of alleles separates from each other during gamete formation
- Law of Independent Assortment: alleles for different genes are sorted independently during gamete formation
- Law of Dominance: one allele can be dominant over another allele

DNA Structure and Function

Double Helix Model: DNA is composed of two complementary strands of nucleotides that twist together
- Nucleotides: composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous bases (A, C, G, and T)
- Base Pairing: A-T and G-C are the only possible pairings
DNA Replication: the process of creating an exact copy of DNA
- Unwinding: double helix is unwound, and each strand serves as a template
- Synthesis: new nucleotides are added to each template strand

Genotype and Phenotype

Genotype: the genetic makeup of an individual, including all alleles
Phenotype: the physical and behavioral traits expressed by an individual
Dominant and Recessive Alleles: dominant alleles are always expressed, while recessive alleles are only expressed when paired with another recessive allele

Gene Expression

Transcription: the process of creating a complementary RNA copy from DNA
- mRNA: messenger RNA, carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
Translation: the process of building a protein from mRNA
- tRNA: transfer RNA, brings amino acids to ribosomes
- Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis

Mutations and Genetic Variation

Mutations: changes in the DNA sequence
- Point Mutations: single nucleotide changes
- Frameshift Mutations: insertions or deletions that alter the reading frame
Genetic Variation: differences in the DNA sequence between individuals
- Polymorphisms: common variations in the DNA sequence
- Genetic Drift: random changes in the frequency of alleles in a population

Description

Prueba sobre los conceptos fundamentales de la genética, incluyendo la herencia mendeliana, la estructura y función del ADN, el genotipo y fenotipo, la expresión génica y las mutaciones y variación genética.