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Questions and Answers
What is the result of genetic drift?
What is the result of genetic drift?
What is the main driver of adaptation according to the text?
What is the main driver of adaptation according to the text?
What is the outcome of non-random mating?
What is the outcome of non-random mating?
What is the result of mutation?
What is the result of mutation?
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What is the eventual outcome of natural selection?
What is the eventual outcome of natural selection?
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What is the effect of natural selection on the frequency of the resistant allele?
What is the effect of natural selection on the frequency of the resistant allele?
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What is the result of natural selection acting on a population over multiple generations?
What is the result of natural selection acting on a population over multiple generations?
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What is the effect of the sickle-cell allele on fitness?
What is the effect of the sickle-cell allele on fitness?
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What is the primary reason why genetic variation is important?
What is the primary reason why genetic variation is important?
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What is the result of a population with no genetic variation facing environmental change?
What is the result of a population with no genetic variation facing environmental change?
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What type of gel is used in protein gel electrophoresis?
What type of gel is used in protein gel electrophoresis?
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What is revealed by the addition of enzyme substrate to a gel?
What is revealed by the addition of enzyme substrate to a gel?
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What is a characteristic of a population that is not currently evolving?
What is a characteristic of a population that is not currently evolving?
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What is the result of random mating in a population with a constant allele frequency?
What is the result of random mating in a population with a constant allele frequency?
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What is a condition required for a population to maintain a constant allele frequency over time?
What is a condition required for a population to maintain a constant allele frequency over time?
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What is the relationship between genetic variation and biodiversity?
What is the relationship between genetic variation and biodiversity?
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What is the primary purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg law?
What is the primary purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg law?
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What is the sum of the frequencies of alleles A and a in the gene pool?
What is the sum of the frequencies of alleles A and a in the gene pool?
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If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, what is the probability of a genotype AA occurring in a random mating?
If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, what is the probability of a genotype AA occurring in a random mating?
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What is the frequency of the genotype Aa in the next generation?
What is the frequency of the genotype Aa in the next generation?
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What is the general equation for genotype frequencies under the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?
What is the general equation for genotype frequencies under the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?
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In a population of 10,000 individuals, what is the frequency of the M allele?
In a population of 10,000 individuals, what is the frequency of the M allele?
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What is the frequency of the R allele in a herd of 1000 cattle?
What is the frequency of the R allele in a herd of 1000 cattle?
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What is the result of one generation of random mating in a population with allele frequencies of 0.7 and 0.3?
What is the result of one generation of random mating in a population with allele frequencies of 0.7 and 0.3?
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What is the primary effect of mutation on an organism?
What is the primary effect of mutation on an organism?
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What is Darwinian fitness?
What is Darwinian fitness?
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What is one reason why sexual reproduction may be advantageous?
What is one reason why sexual reproduction may be advantageous?
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What may occur when a small population becomes separated from the main population?
What may occur when a small population becomes separated from the main population?
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What is required for speciation to occur?
What is required for speciation to occur?
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What is an example of co-evolution?
What is an example of co-evolution?
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What is a disadvantage of using sexual reproduction?
What is a disadvantage of using sexual reproduction?
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What may happen to the allele frequencies in a small, isolated population?
What may happen to the allele frequencies in a small, isolated population?
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What is a major limitation of adaptation in evolution?
What is a major limitation of adaptation in evolution?
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What is the primary role of chance in evolution?
What is the primary role of chance in evolution?
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What is the primary mechanism of natural selection?
What is the primary mechanism of natural selection?
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What is the defining characteristic of sexual selection?
What is the defining characteristic of sexual selection?
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What is the result of intrasexual selection?
What is the result of intrasexual selection?
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What is the primary difference between intrasexual and intersexual selection?
What is the primary difference between intrasexual and intersexual selection?
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What is the characteristic of secondary sexual characteristics?
What is the characteristic of secondary sexual characteristics?
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What is the result of intersexual selection?
What is the result of intersexual selection?
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Study Notes
Genetic Variation
- Genetic variation is important for the potential for change in genetic structure, adaptation to environmental change, conservation, and biodiversity.
- It allows for the divergence of populations and increases the chances of survival in a changing environment.
Genetic Structure Change
- Genetic structure can change over time and space due to genetic variation.
- The frequency of alleles in a gene pool can change from one generation to the next due to various forces of evolution.
Forces of Evolution
- There are five forces of evolution that can cause allele frequencies to change:
- Mutation
- Natural selection
- Genetic drift
- Gene flow
- Non-random mating
Hardy-Weinberg Law
- The Hardy-Weinberg law states that if a population is not evolving, then the allele frequencies in the population will not change from one generation to the next.
- The law assumes that there is no natural selection, mutation, migration, or genetic drift, and that the population is infinitely large and undergoes random mating.
- If these assumptions are true, then the allele frequencies in the population will remain constant over time, and the genotype frequencies can be predicted from the allele frequencies.
Calculating Genotype Frequencies
- Genotype frequencies can be calculated from allele frequencies using a Punnett square.
- The frequency of each genotype is determined by the frequency of the alleles that make up the genotype.
Natural Selection
- Natural selection is the process by which certain genotypes produce more offspring than others due to differences in survival or reproduction.
- It can lead to adaptation and the evolution of new traits.
- Natural selection can cause populations to diverge and become reproductively isolated.
Sexual Selection
- Sexual selection is a form of non-random mating that occurs when certain individuals are more likely to obtain mates due to their inherited traits.
- It can lead to the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics, such as peacock feathers or antlers.
- There are two types of sexual selection: intrasexual selection (competition between members of the same sex for mates) and intersexual selection (mate choice).
Genetic Drift
- Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies over time.
- It can occur due to chance events, such as the random sampling of alleles during reproduction.
- Genetic drift can lead to the loss of genetic variation and the fixation of alleles.
Darwinian Fitness
- Darwinian fitness is the contribution of an individual to the gene pool, relative to the contributions of other individuals.
- It is a measure of an individual's ability to survive and reproduce.
Speciation
- Speciation is the process by which a new species evolves from an existing one.
- It can occur when a small population becomes isolated from the main population and follows its own evolutionary course.
- Speciation requires that the population becomes reproductively isolated from the main population.
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Description
This quiz covers the importance of genetic variation, its change in genetic structure, and its impact on adaptation, conservation, biodiversity, and extinction.
