40 Questions
What is the result of genetic drift?
differences in “fitness”
What is the main driver of adaptation according to the text?
Natural selection
What is the outcome of non-random mating?
changes in allele frequency
What is the result of mutation?
genetic variation
What is the eventual outcome of natural selection?
adaptation
What is the effect of natural selection on the frequency of the resistant allele?
it increases the frequency
What is the result of natural selection acting on a population over multiple generations?
divergence of populations
What is the effect of the sickle-cell allele on fitness?
it decreases fitness
What is the primary reason why genetic variation is important?
Adaptation to environmental change
What is the result of a population with no genetic variation facing environmental change?
Extinction
What type of gel is used in protein gel electrophoresis?
All of the above
What is revealed by the addition of enzyme substrate to a gel?
Presence of enzymes
What is a characteristic of a population that is not currently evolving?
Constant allele frequencies over time
What is the result of random mating in a population with a constant allele frequency?
Genotype frequencies can be predicted from allele frequencies
What is a condition required for a population to maintain a constant allele frequency over time?
All of the above
What is the relationship between genetic variation and biodiversity?
Genetic variation is necessary for biodiversity
What is the primary purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg law?
To identify the forces of evolution that cause allele frequencies to change
What is the sum of the frequencies of alleles A and a in the gene pool?
1.0
If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, what is the probability of a genotype AA occurring in a random mating?
0.49
What is the frequency of the genotype Aa in the next generation?
0.42
What is the general equation for genotype frequencies under the Hardy-Weinberg assumptions?
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
In a population of 10,000 individuals, what is the frequency of the M allele?
0.36
What is the frequency of the R allele in a herd of 1000 cattle?
0.4
What is the result of one generation of random mating in a population with allele frequencies of 0.7 and 0.3?
The allele frequencies remain the same
What is the primary effect of mutation on an organism?
It has a negative effect or no effect
What is Darwinian fitness?
The contribution of an individual to the gene pool relative to others
What is one reason why sexual reproduction may be advantageous?
It generates genetic variation during meiosis and fertilization
What may occur when a small population becomes separated from the main population?
The small population may follow its own evolutionary course
What is required for speciation to occur?
The population can no longer breed with the main population
What is an example of co-evolution?
The evolution of flowering plants and insects
What is a disadvantage of using sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction produces many more offspring
What may happen to the allele frequencies in a small, isolated population?
They change due to genetic drift and natural selection
What is a major limitation of adaptation in evolution?
It is a compromise that can lead to other problems
What is the primary role of chance in evolution?
It plays a huge role in the evolution of new alleles
What is the primary mechanism of natural selection?
The editing of existing variations
What is the defining characteristic of sexual selection?
Nonrandom mating based on phenotype
What is the result of intrasexual selection?
The evolution of secondary sexual characteristics
What is the primary difference between intrasexual and intersexual selection?
The mechanism of selection, competition vs. choice
What is the characteristic of secondary sexual characteristics?
They are often amazingly sophisticated
What is the result of intersexual selection?
The evolution of secondary sexual characteristics
Study Notes
Genetic Variation
- Genetic variation is important for the potential for change in genetic structure, adaptation to environmental change, conservation, and biodiversity.
- It allows for the divergence of populations and increases the chances of survival in a changing environment.
Genetic Structure Change
- Genetic structure can change over time and space due to genetic variation.
- The frequency of alleles in a gene pool can change from one generation to the next due to various forces of evolution.
Forces of Evolution
- There are five forces of evolution that can cause allele frequencies to change:
- Mutation
- Natural selection
- Genetic drift
- Gene flow
- Non-random mating
Hardy-Weinberg Law
- The Hardy-Weinberg law states that if a population is not evolving, then the allele frequencies in the population will not change from one generation to the next.
- The law assumes that there is no natural selection, mutation, migration, or genetic drift, and that the population is infinitely large and undergoes random mating.
- If these assumptions are true, then the allele frequencies in the population will remain constant over time, and the genotype frequencies can be predicted from the allele frequencies.
Calculating Genotype Frequencies
- Genotype frequencies can be calculated from allele frequencies using a Punnett square.
- The frequency of each genotype is determined by the frequency of the alleles that make up the genotype.
Natural Selection
- Natural selection is the process by which certain genotypes produce more offspring than others due to differences in survival or reproduction.
- It can lead to adaptation and the evolution of new traits.
- Natural selection can cause populations to diverge and become reproductively isolated.
Sexual Selection
- Sexual selection is a form of non-random mating that occurs when certain individuals are more likely to obtain mates due to their inherited traits.
- It can lead to the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics, such as peacock feathers or antlers.
- There are two types of sexual selection: intrasexual selection (competition between members of the same sex for mates) and intersexual selection (mate choice).
Genetic Drift
- Genetic drift is the random change in allele frequencies over time.
- It can occur due to chance events, such as the random sampling of alleles during reproduction.
- Genetic drift can lead to the loss of genetic variation and the fixation of alleles.
Darwinian Fitness
- Darwinian fitness is the contribution of an individual to the gene pool, relative to the contributions of other individuals.
- It is a measure of an individual's ability to survive and reproduce.
Speciation
- Speciation is the process by which a new species evolves from an existing one.
- It can occur when a small population becomes isolated from the main population and follows its own evolutionary course.
- Speciation requires that the population becomes reproductively isolated from the main population.
This quiz covers the importance of genetic variation, its change in genetic structure, and its impact on adaptation, conservation, biodiversity, and extinction.
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