Genetic Technologies in Agriculture and Ethics
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Questions and Answers

What is one potential application of genetic technologies in agriculture?

  • Increasing the soil's mineral content
  • Developing pesticides with no genetic components
  • Moving genes from one species to another (correct)
  • Creating fossil fuels from plant materials

What is one of the ethical considerations surrounding the use of genetic technologies?

  • Enhancing the taste of food products
  • Patenting genomes of modified organisms (correct)
  • Training farmers in traditional farming methods
  • Increasing global food production without any downsides

What role does DNA play in cellular function?

  • It acts as a primary energy storage molecule
  • It serves as a template for protein synthesis (correct)
  • It aids in cell membrane formation
  • It provides energy for cellular activities

Why is DNA replication significant in the body?

<p>It ensures each new cell has a complete set of DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic components that represent DNA sequences?

<p>The letters A, T, C, and G (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which professional role might involve working with genetic technologies and their applications?

<p>Biological Technician (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diseases could potentially be treated through manipulation of human cells using genetic technologies?

<p>Previously untreatable debilitating diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of corporations patenting genetically modified organisms?

<p>Decreased competition in the market (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which purine pairs with thymine in the DNA structure?

<p>Adenine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together in DNA?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is complementary base pairing?

<p>Pairing between a purine and a pyrimidine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hydrogen bonds does guanine form with cytosine?

<p>Three (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If one strand of DNA has the sequence ACGT, what will the complementary strand's sequence be?

<p>TGCA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of DNA strands?

<p>Both strands are antiparallel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the DNA molecule considered very stable?

<p>Large numbers of hydrogen bonds collectively create strength (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which base does adenine NOT pair with?

<p>Cytosine (B), Guanine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of DNA helicase during DNA replication?

<p>It opens the double helix. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does DNA polymerase III synthesize new DNA strands?

<p>5' to 3' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA primers in DNA replication?

<p>They act as starting points for DNA synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the leading strand from the lagging strand during replication?

<p>The leading strand is synthesized continuously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does DNA polymerase III bond nucleotides together?

<p>By bonding the phosphate on the 5' end to the hydroxyl group on the 3' end. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What proteins help maintain the separation of DNA strands during replication?

<p>Single-stranded binding proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are formed between complementary nucleotides during DNA strand synthesis?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which DNA polymerase is primarily involved in synthesizing new DNA strands during replication?

<p>DNA polymerase III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the anticodon in the tRNA molecule?

<p>It matches with the corresponding mRNA codon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the amino acid attached to the tRNA molecule?

<p>Covalently bound to the adenine nucleotide at the 3' end. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amino acid is added based on the provided anticodon AUA?

<p>Tyrosine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the folding of the tRNA molecule into its cloverleaf structure?

<p>Hydrogen bonding between complementary bases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'aminoacyl' refer to in the context of tRNA?

<p>The terminal adenine nucleotide that attaches to an amino acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tRNA molecule includes the anticodon?

<p>The anticodon arm. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cloverleaf structure of tRNA?

<p>Peptidyl bond region (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature distinguishes tRNA from other types of RNA?

<p>Cloverleaf structure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique will be used to identify proteins related to shell color in the experiment?

<p>Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which researcher is known for their work on Huntington disease?

<p>Dr. Michael Hayden (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What genetic disorder is associated with Dr. Christine Bear's research?

<p>Cystic fibrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overarching project aimed to produce maps of human genetic makeup?

<p>Human Genome Project (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following researchers has contributed to studies on Duchenne muscular dystrophy?

<p>Dr. Ron Warton (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the meetings to develop plans for the Human Genome Project take place?

<p>Mid-1980s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of collaboration among research teams in genetics?

<p>Increased understanding of genetic disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic disorder has multiple researchers listed, focusing on it?

<p>Cystic fibrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of DNA polymerase III during DNA replication?

<p>To synthesize new DNA strands complementary to the template (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does DNA polymerase III synthesize new strands of DNA?

<p>5' to 3' (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the synthesis of the leading strand differ from the lagging strand?

<p>The leading strand is formed in fragments, while the lagging strand is continuous (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme is responsible for replacing RNA primers with DNA nucleotides?

<p>DNA polymerase I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

<p>To link sugar–phosphate backbones of DNA fragments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strand is synthesized in the opposite direction relative to the replication fork?

<p>Lagging strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the phosphate group of a free nucleotide to the sugar of the last nucleotide in the growing DNA strand?

<p>Phosphodiester bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DNA replication

The process of copying a DNA molecule, producing two identical DNA molecules.

DNA

The molecule responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. It's a double helix structure made of nucleotides.

Nucleotides

The building blocks of DNA and RNA. They consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G).

Point mutation

A type of genetic mutation that involves a change in a single DNA nucleotide. They can lead to changes in protein structure and function.

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Gene

A specific sequence of DNA that codes for a particular protein. It determines an organism's traits.

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Gene expression

The process of using a gene's code to create a protein. It involves transcription and translation.

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Proteins

A type of biological molecule that carries out various functions in cells. Some examples are enzymes, hormones, and structural components.

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Genetic Engineering

The use of genetic technologies to modify the genomes of organisms, like introducing a new gene or deleting an existing one.

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What are Purines?

Purines are a type of nitrogenous base in DNA, specifically adenine (A) and guanine (G). They have a double-ring structure.

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What are Pyrimidines?

Pyrimidines are another type of nitrogenous base in DNA, including cytosine (C) and thymine (T). They have a single-ring structure.

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Adenine pairs with?

Adenine (A), a purine, always pairs with thymine (T), a pyrimidine, through hydrogen bonds.

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Guanine pairs with?

Guanine (G), a purine, always pairs with cytosine (C), a pyrimidine, through hydrogen bonds.

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What is complementary base pairing?

The pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA, where adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C), is called complementary base pairing.

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What holds DNA strands together?

Hydrogen bonds form between the complementary base pairs (A-T and G-C) in DNA, holding the double helix together.

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Why is DNA stable?

While a single hydrogen bond is weak, the large number of bonds between base pairs collectively make DNA very stable.

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How are DNA strands related?

The sequence of bases on one strand of DNA is always complementary to the sequence on the opposite strand.

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Primer

A short piece of RNA that attaches to the template strand, providing a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin synthesizing a new DNA strand.

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DNA polymerase III

The enzyme responsible for adding nucleotides to a growing DNA strand during replication.

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5' to 3' direction

The direction in which DNA polymerase III adds nucleotides, from the 5' end to the 3' end of the growing strand.

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Leading strand

The new strand of DNA synthesized continuously in the same direction as the replication fork.

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Lagging strand

The new strand of DNA synthesized in short fragments, away from the replication fork.

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Okazaki fragments

The short fragments of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand.

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DNA polymerase I

The enzyme that removes RNA primers from the lagging strand and replaces them with DNA nucleotides.

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DNA ligase

The enzyme that joins the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA fragments together, forming a continuous strand.

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RNA primers

Short RNA sequences that act as starting points for DNA polymerase to begin adding new nucleotides.

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Replication fork

The point where DNA replication begins, and where the two strands of DNA are separated to allow for replication.

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Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)

A technique used to separate proteins based on their size and charge. It involves running protein samples through a gel matrix under an electric current.

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What is the anticodon?

The anticodon is a sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA during translation.

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What is the anticodon arm?

The anticodon arm is a loop on the tRNA molecule that contains the anticodon.

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Genetics

The study of genes and heredity, exploring how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

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Where is an amino acid attached on a tRNA?

The amino acid is attached to the 3' end of the tRNA molecule, specifically to the adenine (A) nucleotide.

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Genomics

The study of the complete set of genes within an organism. It involves mapping and understanding the functions of all genes.

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What is the shape of a tRNA molecule?

The tRNA molecule has a cloverleaf structure due to hydrogen bonding between its nucleotides.

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence of an organism. These changes can be small or large, and can lead to different traits.

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What amino acid is coded by the anticodon AUA?

The anticodon sequence AUA is complementary to the codon UAU, which codes for tyrosine.

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What is the role of tRNA in translation?

The tRNA molecule carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome during translation, where it is added to the growing polypeptide chain.

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What is translation?

Translation is the process of converting genetic information from mRNA to protein.

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What is a codon?

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

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Description

This quiz explores the applications and ethical considerations of genetic technologies in agriculture. It covers topics such as DNA structure, replication, and the impact of genetic modifications on health and food industries. Test your knowledge on the crucial aspects of genetics and its implications for society.

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