16 Questions
What does population genetics study?
The genetic variation in populations and how it changes over time
What is a gene pool?
Alleles shared by individuals in a population
What does the Hardy-Weinberg law explain?
The behavior of alleles and genotypes in an ideal population
What does the Hardy-Weinberg law predict about allele frequencies in an ideal population?
The frequencies of alleles in the gene pool do not change over time
What equation represents the Hardy-Weinberg model?
$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$
Which factor causes random changes in allele frequencies through significant fluctuations?
Genetic drift
What drives allele frequency change through directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection?
Natural selection
Which population does the Hardy-Weinberg model apply to?
Populations with two alleles at a locus
What alters allele frequencies by calculating the frequency of an allele in the next generation?
Migration and gene flow
What causes significant fluctuations in allele frequencies due to small population size?
Genetic drift
What does nonrandom mating, such as assortative mating, change?
Genotype but not allele frequency
Which type of selection drives allele frequency change towards a specific trait?
Directional selection
In which population is the bottleneck effect observed?
Cheetah populations
Which genetic concept affects males and females differently for X-linked traits?
Allele frequencies
What does the founder effect cause in a population?
Significant allele frequency changes
What does the equation Pi’ = (1-m)Pi + m(Pm) represent?
Migration and gene flow
Study Notes
Hardy-Weinberg and Genetic Drift
- Hardy-Weinberg model uses Mendelian principles and simple probability to explain allele and genotype frequencies
- It is represented by p2 + 2pq + q2= 1, where p and q are allele frequencies
- The model applies to populations with two alleles at a locus and more than two alleles, such as the ABO blood group
- Natural selection drives allele frequency change through directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection
- Migration and gene flow alter allele frequencies, where the frequency of an allele on an island in the next generation is calculated as Pi’ = (1-m)Pi + m(Pm)
- Genetic drift causes random changes in allele frequencies through significant fluctuations, arising due to founder effect or genetic bottleneck
- Example of founder effect is OCA2 in the Navajo tribe, and bottleneck effect is observed in cheetah populations and historically in humans
- Nonrandom mating, such as assortative mating, changes genotype but not allele frequency
- X-linked traits, such as colorblindness, have allele frequencies affecting males and females differently
- Videos are provided for further understanding of natural selection and genetic drift
- Examples are given for solving problems related to allele frequencies and migration
- The text provides equations, examples, and scenarios to understand key genetic concepts
Test your understanding of Hardy-Weinberg, genetic drift, and related genetic concepts with this quiz. Learn about allele frequencies, natural selection, migration, genetic bottleneck, and more through equations, examples, and scenarios. Videos are available for further insight into these key genetic principles.
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