[PPT] Tissue Responses to Injury and Infection
94 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the module objectives?

  • Understanding laboratory equipment usage
  • Focusing on patient communication skills
  • Conducting clinical trials
  • Analyzing and interpreting diagnostic and imaging tests (correct)

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing disease progression?

  • Pharmaceutical interventions (correct)
  • Occupational hazards
  • Environmental factors
  • Genetic predispositions

Which resource is NOT suggested for obtaining information on learning objectives?

  • Social media discussions (correct)
  • Research articles
  • Assigned textbook readings
  • Module lecture videos

When must each module test be completed?

<p>Prior to the next module's online session (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of genetics is discussed in relation to disease?

<p>Role in assessing risk factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of each module test?

<p>15 multiple choice questions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential impact of epigenetics on genetic disease screening?

<p>It offers new insights into genetic susceptibility and risk assessment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic group is specifically mentioned in the context of special populations in the content?

<p>Elderly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hypersensitivity reactions' refer to?

<p>Responses that happen when the body overreacts to a stimulus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the supplemental information provided in the slides?

<p>It serves as additional resources that extend learning beyond objectives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What important date is associated with the Module 1 test?

<p>It closes by 5 pm on September 25th. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the evaluation criteria is based on content for the clinical consult presentation?

<p>50% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of slides recommended for the clinical consult presentation?

<p>15 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component contributes the least percentage to the clinical consult presentation evaluation?

<p>Quality of Slides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When must presentations be submitted in PowerPoint format?

<p>At least 48 hours prior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional material can be included in the pathophysiology letter of information as an optional component?

<p>A figure or table (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the pathophysiology letter of information assignment?

<p>To update team members on pathophysiological developments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required if a student wants to trade presentation dates with another group member?

<p>Notify the instructor at least 2 weeks prior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the marks of the midterm and final exams prior to all students completing the test?

<p>Marks cannot be released until reviewed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of an antigen is recognized by immune cells?

<p>Epitopes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells can detect foreign material but often struggles to distinguish among different sources?

<p>Innate immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are receptors of the adaptive immune system characterized?

<p>Highly specific (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the type of antibody in terms of its heavy chain structure?

<p>C-terminus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are categorized into how many classes according to their location?

<p>Five (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of antibody structure determines its specificity?

<p>Variable region of N terminal protein chains (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term incidence refer to in epidemiology?

<p>The number of new cases of a disease occurring in a specific period. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes prevalence in public health?

<p>The proportion of a population affected by a disease at a given time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of disulfide bonds in antibody structure?

<p>Link protein chains together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of innate immune cells?

<p>Specific recognition of antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are considered common social determinants of health?

<p>Income, education, employment, and social support. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Occupational factors can impact the development of diseases by influencing which aspect?

<p>Exposure to health hazards and stressors in the workplace. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which publication focuses on measuring disease occurrence?

<p>Measuring Disease Occurrence: Kidney International. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Canadian Facts discusses which of the following concepts?

<p>Social determinants of health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of the learning outcomes mentioned?

<p>Explaining the role of immune cells in inflammation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT typically considered a social determinant of health?

<p>Medical history of diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the viral life cycle?

<p>Recognition and attachment of the virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the process of cachexia?

<p>Loss of muscle mass with or without fat mass loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the viral life cycle involves the synthesis of viral structural proteins?

<p>Translation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT associated with cachexia?

<p>Weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which step of the viral life cycle does the viral genome release occur?

<p>Uncoating (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do cytokines play during an acute infection?

<p>Initiating a fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular structure do viral structural proteins undergo synthesis?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is NOT a method of virus release from a host cell?

<p>Endocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of histamine released by mast cells during acute inflammation?

<p>Increases vascular permeability and causes vasodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are typically the first to respond to an injury in the acute inflammation process?

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of chemokines released during acute inflammation?

<p>To recruit additional immune cells to the site of inflammation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pro-inflammatory cytokine is known to activate both resident and newly recruited immune cells during acute inflammation?

<p>Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the process of phagocytosis by immune cells at the site of inflammation?

<p>Immune cells engulf and digest foreign particles and debris (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Type II Hypersensitivity?

<p>It targets specific cell types or tissues through antibodies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mechanism of tissue damage in Type III Hypersensitivity?

<p>Antigen-antibody complex deposition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an example of Type IV Hypersensitivity?

<p>Contact dermatitis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Type II Hypersensitivity, what leads to the destruction of tissues?

<p>Activation of complement and immune cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immune response is primarily involved in Type IV Hypersensitivity?

<p>T cell-mediated destruction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates acute inflammation in response to injury or infection?

<p>Local immune cell activation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor influences the location of deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in Type III Hypersensitivity?

<p>The size of the complexes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is most likely associated with Type III Hypersensitivity?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are primarily responsible for carrying out the inflammatory response?

<p>Cells of the innate immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the inflammation associated with Type IV Hypersensitivity?

<p>Requires antigen presentation to memory T cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sequence correctly describes the events of acute inflammation?

<p>Detection of foreign material, secretion of inflammatory mediators, recruitment of immune cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key feature of acute inflammation?

<p>Short duration of days to weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytokines and chemokines serve primarily to:

<p>Enhance cellular communication during immune responses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immune cells is NOT typically involved in the acute inflammatory response?

<p>B lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute inflammation helps in all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Long-term immune memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of immune cells during the event of acute inflammation?

<p>They are activated and secrete inflammatory mediators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of granulomas formed during chronic inflammation?

<p>They contain a wall formed by lymphocytes around macrophages and debris. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic inflammation contribute to the development of cancer?

<p>By promoting mutations in DNA due to reactive oxygen species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the immune function in neonates?

<p>They show complement deficiency making them more prone to infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of maternal antibodies in newborns?

<p>They provide immunity for several months postnatally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of chronic illness on older adults' immune function?

<p>It causes impairment in immune activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cytokines affect DNA during chronic inflammation?

<p>They increase the likelihood of DNA mutations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immunological features is specific to neonates?

<p>Deliverance of maternal antibodies through the placenta. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections are neonates particularly susceptible to?

<p>Serious infections caused by intracellular pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primary immune deficiency primarily caused by?

<p>Genetic mutations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the predominant effect of HIV on the immune system?

<p>Decreases CD4+ T cell numbers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infections are AIDS patients particularly susceptible to?

<p>Opportunistic infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is associated with promoting energy imbalance in cancer cachexia?

<p>TNF-α (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which HIV remains dormant in the host?

<p>Integration into the host genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cachexia is primarily characterized by which pathological feature?

<p>Muscle wasting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

HIV can infect which of the following cells in the immune system?

<p>CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of secondary immune deficiency?

<p>Additional illnesses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does cachexia have on cancer patients?

<p>Is directly responsible for patient death in some cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of viral life cycle stage does HIV undergo after attaching to a target cell?

<p>Integration of viral DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic defines opportunistic infections?

<p>Infections that occur in immunocompromised individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic changes occur in patients with cachexia?

<p>Abnormal energy balance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microbiota in the human body?

<p>Preventing colonization of pathogenic bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the human microbiome compared to human DNA?

<p>It contains millions more genes than the human genome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of diseases have alterations in microbiota been associated with?

<p>Various conditions including obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about epigenetics is true?

<p>Epigenetic modifications can be passed on to daughter cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do gnotobiotic mice play in microbiota research?

<p>They help assess changes in physiology after exposure to specific bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does epigenetic modification affect DNA packaging?

<p>It regulates accessibility to RNA polymerase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates euchromatin from heterochromatin?

<p>Euchromatin is less compact and allows more gene expression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about microbial diversity in the population?

<p>Only 10-20% of the microbiome is conserved across individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a transient effect of antibiotic treatment on microbiota?

<p>Reduced diversity, returning to pre-treatment levels within weeks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of changes can epigenetic modifications facilitate within an organism?

<p>Reversible changes in gene expression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pathophysiology

Understanding how diseases develop in the body by analyzing the changes in its normal processes.

Using pathophysiology to explain disease patterns

Using knowledge of the body's functions to explain why diseases spread in specific ways.

Environmental factors in disease

Examining the role of environmental factors in disease progression.

Occupational factors in disease

Understanding how occupational factors influence disease development.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Genetics in disease risk

Analyzing the influence of genes on disease risk and prevention.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Analyzing diagnostic tests

Evaluating diagnostic tools such as imaging tests and laboratory results to understand the disease process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interpreting diagnostic tests

Analyzing the results of diagnostic tests to understand the underlying disease process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Module test structure and grading

Modules in this course are assessed through 12 quizzes. Each quiz worth 10% of the course final grade.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pathophysiology Letter of Information

A summary of the key pathophysiological mechanisms of a specific disease, targeted at an interprofessional audience.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Consult Presentation

A presentation delivered by students demonstrating their understanding of a chosen topic. Evaluated on several criteria, including content, presentation skills, slide quality, and discussion facilitation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Concept Map

A visual tool used to represent information and concepts, often highlighting connections and relationships between them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Consult Rubric

A concise, standardized set of guidelines for assessing the quality of a clinical consultation. It outlines the criteria and weighting used to evaluate different aspects of the presentation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pathophysiology Letter of Information Assignment

A mandatory written assignment summarizing the pathophysiology of a specific disease. The paper must be formatted with a title page, reference list, and double-spaced pages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Time Limit for Presentations

The allotted time frame during which students must complete their Clinical Consult presentations. It's essential to manage time effectively within this limit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pathophysiology Paper Deadline

The deadline for submitting the Pathophysiology Letter of Information. It emphasizes the importance of timely submission for this assigned task.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Midterm and Final Exams

A formal assessment designed to measure students' understanding of the course material. Typically not graded immediately.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific time period.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prevalence

The total number of cases of a disease present in a population at a specific time point.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Determinants of Health

Factors that influence health outcomes and are outside of a person's control, such as socioeconomic status, education, and environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Occupational Factors

Conditions or aspects of work that can contribute to the development of disease, such as repetitive strain injuries, exposure to hazardous substances, or stress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute Inflammation

The body's immediate, localized, and non-specific response to injury or infection. It involves a complex interplay of immune cells, cytokines, and cellular receptors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytokines

Signaling molecules that are released by immune cells to communicate with other cells and regulate the inflammatory process. They are often responsible for the symptoms of inflammation, such as redness, swelling, and pain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cellular Receptors

Specialized proteins found on the surface of cells that recognize and bind to specific molecules, such as antigens or toxins. They play a crucial role in the inflammatory response by initiating a cascade of events that lead to the activation of immune cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune Cells

Specialized cells of the immune system that participate in the inflammatory response. They include neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antigen

Foreign molecule that triggers an immune response in the host.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epitope

Specific part of an antigen recognized by immune cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune Cell Receptors

Receptors on immune cells that bind to epitopes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Innate Immune Cells

Immune cells that can recognize a wide range of foreign molecules but cannot distinguish between specific species.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Adaptive Immune Cells

Immune cells that have highly specific receptors for individual epitopes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibodies

Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific epitopes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antigen Binding Site

The region of an antibody that binds to an epitope, determining its specificity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heavy Chain C-terminus

Heavy chains on an antibody that determine its class and function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is pathophysiology?

The study of how changes in normal bodily functions contribute to the development of diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How does genetics impact disease risk?

Examining the role of genes in an individual's susceptibility to developing specific diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What does interpreting diagnostic tests involve?

The process of analyzing the results of diagnostic tests to understand the underlying disease process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a concept map?

A visual representation of information and concepts, often used to show connections and relationships between them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a Pathophysiology Letter of Information?

A written assignment that summarizes the pathophysiology of a specific disease, providing a comprehensive overview for an interprofessional audience.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are NK cells?

A white blood cell that kills infected cells without the need for prior sensitization. They recognize and kill cells that lack MHC I expression, which is often a hallmark of viral infection or cancer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are CD4 T lymphocytes?

The main type of helper T cells, which express the CD4 receptor molecule. They are essential for initiating and regulating adaptive immune responses, playing a critical role in activating other immune cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a viral infection?

A process that occurs when a virus enters a host cell, using the cell's resources to replicate and eventually spread to other cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a viral receptor?

A protein that binds to a specific receptor molecule on the surface of a cell. This recognition is the first step in viral infection, allowing the virus to attach to the host cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is viral release?

The process by which a virus releases newly formed viral particles from the infected cell. This can occur through budding or exocytosis, or by causing the cell to burst.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Cachexia?

A complex metabolic syndrome characterized by loss of muscle mass, often accompanied by fat loss, anorexia, inflammation, insulin resistance, and increased protein turnover. It is often associated with chronic illness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a Pyrogen?

A protein that signals to the body to increase its temperature, leading to fever. This response is often triggered by inflammatory responses elicited by infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Anorexia?

The inability to eat normally, often observed in patients with cachexia, where the body's metabolic state is altered and appetite is suppressed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune Cell Activation

The process by which immune cells detect foreign material or cellular damage using non-specific receptors that recognize conserved microbial sequences or signals of cell damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytokines & Chemokines

Signaling molecules secreted by activated immune cells to communicate with other cells and regulate the inflammatory response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune Cell Recruitment

The recruitment of immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to the site of inflammation to engulf foreign invaders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic Inflammation

A type of chronic inflammation characterized by a persistent inflammatory response, often associated with an inability to clear the initial trigger.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Managing Inflammation in Special Populations

Special patient populations, such as those with impaired immune function or chronic disease, have unique considerations in treating inflammation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypersensitivity Reactions

A group of immune responses that are triggered by specific antigens, leading to excessive or inappropriate reactions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune Deficiency

A state characterized by a compromised immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and disease.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is acute inflammation?

The body's immediate, localized, and non-specific response to injury or infection, involving immune cells, cytokines, and cellular receptors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are cytokines?

Signaling molecules released by immune cells to communicate with other cells and regulate the inflammatory process.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are cellular receptors?

Specialized proteins on the surface of cells that recognize and bind to specific molecules (like antigens or toxins).

Signup and view all the flashcards

What are immune cells?

Specialized cells of the immune system that participate in the inflammatory response, including neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is phagocytosis?

The process by which immune cells engulf and destroy foreign material and cellular debris. Neutrophils are the first responders, followed by monocytes/macrophages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Granulomatous inflammation

A type of chronic inflammation characterized by the formation of granulomas, which are small, round masses of immune cells that surround and isolate foreign substances like bacteria or other pathogens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is a granuloma?

A walled-off area of infection where macrophages have fused to contain the invader, often seen in tuberculosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Macrophage fusion in granulomas

A type of immune cells that fuse together to form multinucleated giant cells, effectively containing pathogens within a granuloma.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lymphocyte wall formation in granulomas

A type of immune cell that forms a wall around the macrophages and debris in a granuloma, providing a physical barrier to infection.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chronic inflammation's role in cancer

Chronic inflammation is a contributing factor to cancer development by triggering processes like DNA damage and reducing the body's response to this damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune system in newborns

Newborns have a temporarily weakened immune system due to various factors such as limited exposure to microorganisms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maternal antibodies in newborns

Maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus during pregnancy, providing temporary protection until the baby develops its own immune system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune system in older adults

Older adults often experience a weakened immune system due to age, chronic illnesses, and medications, making them more susceptible to infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type II Hypersensitivity

An immune response directed at a specific cell type or tissue, where antibodies bind to tissue-specific antigens or antigens attached to tissues, leading to cell/tissue destruction via complement activation, phagocytosis, or cytotoxic substances from immune cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type III Hypersensitivity

Characterized by the production of antigen-antibody complexes that deposit in blood vessels or extravascular tissues, causing tissue damage through complement activation and neutrophil-mediated cell death. The size of the complex influences deposition and symptoms, with intermediate-sized complexes being the most damaging.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Type IV Hypersensitivity

T cell-mediated destruction of target cells. Inflammation develops after 48-72 hours, requiring antigen presentation to memory T cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Immune Response Triggered by Antigen

A type of hypersensitivity reaction where an immune response is triggered by an antigen previously encountered, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microbiome

The complete collection of genes expressed by all the microorganisms living in a specific environment, like the human body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microbiota

The collection of microorganisms living in a specific environment, like the human body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epigenetics

The study of changes in gene expression without alterations to the DNA sequence.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Heterochromatin

Modifications to DNA that make it more compact, leading to decreased gene expression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Euchromatin

Modifications to DNA that make it less compact, leading to increased gene expression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Microbiota and Disease

Changes to the microbiota have been linked to various diseases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gnotobiotic Mice

A group of mice raised in a sterile environment, used to study the effects of specific bacteria on physiology.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibiotic Effects on Microbiota

Antibiotics temporarily decrease the diversity of the microbiota, but it usually recovers over time.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epigenetic Inheritance

Epigenetic changes are reversible and can be passed down to daughter cells, even to offspring.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Epigenetics and Cell Specialization

Epigenetic modifications are essential for normal gene function, allowing different cells to express different genes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Immune Deficiency

A subtype of immune deficiency caused by a genetic mutation, often present from birth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Immune Deficiency

Impairment of the immune system resulting from another illness or condition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A retrovirus that primarily infects and destroys CD4+ T helper cells of the adaptive immune system, leading to a weakened immune response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Integration

The process of a virus incorporating its genetic material into the host cell's DNA, allowing it to remain dormant for extended periods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acute HIV Infection

The period shortly after HIV infection when the virus replicates rapidly, leading to a high viral load and decline in CD4+ T cell count.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Latency

When the body starts fighting HIV, the virus goes dormant and CD4+ T cell count recovers, but the virus can reactivate later.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

The stage of HIV infection when CD4+ T cell count falls below 200 per µL of blood, indicating a severely weakened immune system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cachexia

A complex metabolic disorder characterized by muscle wasting and atrophy, often accompanied by loss of body fat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Increased Muscle Protein Degradation

The process where muscle proteins are broken down faster than they are replaced, contributing to muscle wasting in cachexia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Increased Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs in muscle cells due to cachexia, leading to further muscle loss.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impaired Regenerative Capacity

The ability of muscle cells to repair and replace themselves is impaired in cachexia, hindering muscle recovery.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Role of Inflammation in Cachexia

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-α and IL-1, promote a negative energy balance and contribute to cachexia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Welcome to Pathophysiology Module 1

  • The Pathophysiology and Module 1 introduction will begin shortly.
  • Participants should type their name, university, and clinical area of employment (if applicable) into the chat box for organizational purposes.

Overview of Pathophysiology Module 1

  • Module 1 Schedule: Includes detailed time slots for topics such as check-in/introductions, course overview, epidemiology, social determinants of health, chronic & acute inflammation, innate & adaptive immunity, infection concepts, hypersensitivities, immunosuppression, practice quizzes, and wrap-up, with specific time allocations for each.
  • Duration: Specific time allocations for each topic are given.
  • Topics: Covers check-in, general housekeeping, epidemiology, social determinants of health, acute and chronic inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, infection concepts, hypersensitivities, immunosuppression, practice quiz, and wrap-up.
  • Materials: Includes videos, concept maps, examples, and practice quizzes.

Introduction to Pathophysiology

  • Comprehensive understanding of disease mechanisms.
  • Develop clinical perspective of pathophysiological concepts.
  • Challenge critical thinking and stimulate curiosity.
  • Enhance clinical decision-making skills for Nurse Practitioners.

Learning Outcomes

  • Knowledge synthesis of the pathophysiology of various body systems (musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine, etc.)
  • Analysis and interpretation of diagnostic/imaging tests.
  • Application of pathophysiological concepts to explain disease patterns.
  • Understanding the role of environmental, occupational, and genetic factors in disease progression.
  • Discussion of factors in disease prevention, and risk assessment.

Course Schedule

  • Includes a schedule of weekly module topics and associated examination dates, covering the introduction and disorders of major body systems including the digestive, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, musculoskeletal, hematological, and reproductive systems.
  • Specific dates for Module and Midterm examinations are listed.

12 Modules and Sections

  • Detailed breakdown of each module structure, including introduction, pre-tests, learning outcomes, lecture videos, clinical consult topics, quizzes, feedback sections, and supplementary videos.

Module and Course Evaluation

  • Each module features an evaluation section.
  • Students evaluate both individual modules and the overall course/professor.
  • Feedback is anonymous.

Focus on Module Objectives

  • How to gain information and learning-
  • Include assigned textbook readings, research articles, Evolve resources, module lecture videos, and virtual classroom seminars.

Methods of Evaluation

  • Specific weights for various assessments, including Module Tests (10%), Clinical Consult Presentation (10%), Written Assignment (20%), Midterm Exam (30%), and Final Exam (30%).

Module Tests

  • Specific structure and timing (15 multiple-choice questions, 15 minutes) for each 12 module tests.
  • Worth 10% of the final mark.
  • Each test provides access following Thursday sessions.

Clinical Consult Presentation

  • Evaluation criteria: content (50%), presentation skills (20%), quality of slides (10%), and facilitation of discussion (20%).
  • Requirements for the course presentations, including material covered, time limits and audience engagement activities.

Clinical Consult - Housekeeping

  • Submission requirements and deadlines for Clinical Consult presentations, emphasizing format (PowerPoint), at least 48-hours prior to the class
  • Policies for presentation swaps or date conflicts- with a 2-week minimum email notification.

Pathophysiology Letter of Information

  • A 3-page, double-spaced assignment required, detailing recent developments of a specific disease mechanism (with the use of original research studies only).

Assignment

  • Brief overview of the chosen disease's general characteristics (symptoms, mechanisms of disease, epidemiology).
  • A detailed discussion on recent research developments in the disease's pathophysiology (published in the last 24 months.)
  • Description of how these recent developments may potentially influence future clinical practice.

Midterm and Final Exams

  • Online-proctored exams (at-home/campus-site dependent) with multiple-choice questions (MCQs).
  • Specific Module coverage listed for each exam.
  • Time allocated for exam administration (3 hours).

Introduction to Epidemiology (Learning Outcomes)

  • Define incidence and prevalence.
  • Examine common social determinants of health.
  • Analyze the influence of occupational factors on disease development.
  • Further readings are required as these topics are not covered in detail in the textbook. References are provided.

Definitions of Terms

  • Clear definitions and formulas for Incidence, risk, incidence rate, prevalence, point prevalence, and period prevalence.

Incidence and Prevalence of Diabetes in Canada

  • Statistical data on diabetes prevalence rates in Canada, encompassing different time periods and by sex. Presented visually in graphs.

Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts (2nd Edition)

  • Overview of the book's chapters and topics, including introduction, stress, bodies and illness, income, education, unemployment, job security, working conditions, early child development, food insecurity, housing, social exclusion, social safety net, health services, geography, disability, Indigenous ancestry, gender, immigration, race, globalization, and action steps.

A Model of the Determinants of Health

  • Graphical model illustrating the interconnections of various determinants of health. (Factors for living and working conditions, socioeconomic factors, health care services, age, sex, housing, other).

Learning Outcomes: Innate and Acute Immunity

  • Describe acute inflammation using cellular receptors, immune cells and cytokines.

Acute Inflammation

  • A protective physiological response to injury or infection, including neutralization, elimination, and tissue repair processes.
  • Key action of inflammatory responses is coordinated by cytokines and chemokines.

Memory Tips (Signs of Inflammation)

  • The 4 cardinal signs (redness, swelling, heat, pain) and the 5th sign, loss of function, are from Celsus and Virchow.

Local Manifestations of Acute Inflammation

  • Vasodilation, warmth (heat), and increased permeability leading to redness.
  • Edema, triggering pain, inflammatory mediators and sensitization of nerve fibers result in pain in affected areas.

Systemic Manifestations of Acute Inflammation

  • Systemic effects like fever, increased numbers of circulating leukocytes, higher proportion of immature cells, and increased plasma protein synthesis, with special causal components of fever.

Learning Outcomes: Chronic Inflammation

  • Understanding chronic inflammation causes and consequences.
  • Comparing/contrasting chronic and acute inflammation.
  • Knowledge of the granuloma development process during inflammation to be acquired.

Acute vs Chronic Inflammation

  • A concise summary comparing acute and chronic inflammation, encompassing various contributing mechanisms. (Chemical irritants, infection, trauma, burns, lacerations.)

Learning Outcomes: Adaptive Immunity

  • Explain the role of professional antigen-presenting cells and T helper cells in initiating humoral and cell-mediated adaptive immune responses.
  • Compare/contrast humoral/cell-mediated adaptive immune responses based on the types of immune cells involved, antigen types and defense mechanisms used.

Pathogen and Host Defense Mechanisms

  • Overview showing the detailed mechanisms involved in the host's innate and adaptive immunities to combat pathogens.

Antigens and Epitopes

  • Differentiate between antigens and epitopes, and how the immune system recognizes foreign molecules.

Antibody Structure

  • Detailing heavy and light chains, antigen-binding sites, and hinge regions in the structure of antibodies—with heavy chain C-terminus determining the antibody class.

Classes of Antibodies (Isotypes)

  • Classification of antibodies (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE) based on their functional and structural characteristics in the body.

Antibody Types and Functions

  • Details of the functions of each major class of antibody (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) with their roles and locations.

Overview of Different Types of Vaccines

  • Overview of different vaccine types (attenuated, inactivated, subunit, DNA, mRNA) including examples of their applications.

Infection Concepts

  • Description of the infection process and its clinical course.
  • Roles of antibiotics, vaccines, passive immunizations in treating infectious diseases, and the importance of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria.

Stages of Infection

  • Stages of infection (incubation period, prodromal stage, invasion/acute illness period, and convalescence/resolution.)

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance

  • Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, including resistance genes, antibiotic degrading/altering enzymes, efflux pumps, and modification of cellular targets to prevent antibiotic binding or uptake.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

  • Define sensitization; compare/contrast Type I to IV hypersensitivities, considering immune cell involvement, mechanisms, and consequences.

Immunodeficiency

  • Discussion of consequences of both primary and secondary immunodeficiencies.
  • Explanation of how HIV targets CD4+ T helper cells, and the clinical course of HIV infection.

Immune Deficiency

  • Describe immune deficiency (primary and secondary).

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

  • Details on HIV as a retrovirus, target CD4+ T helper cells, transmission methods (blood, blood products, IV drug use, sexual contact, childbirth), and locations in body fluids.

Stages of Viral Infection of a Host Cell

  • Illustration demonstrating the sequential steps of viral infection of a host cell, including recognition/attachment, penetration, and uncoating through assembly and release.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) - Life Cycle and Sites of Drug Interaction

  • Diagram showing the stages of the HIV life cycle, with areas where drugs can intervene.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

  • Discussion on HIV reproduction/clinical course, the immune response, and progression to AIDS.
  • The susceptibility of people with AIDS to opportunistic infections and cancers—such as tuberculosis, candidiasis, pneumonia, meningitis, Kaposi sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The frequency of cachexia.

Sickness Behavior

  • Discussing the role of cytokines in initiating fever during infection, including explanations of causes and consequences in the case of cachexia.

Cachexia

  • Comprehensive discussion of cachexia (complex metabolic disorder: muscle wasting and atrophy, with or without loss of white adipose tissue and its effect on the body. Includes effects on cancer patients, factors related to tumor type, degree of cachexia its relationship with survival time, symptom appearance during active acute or chronic inflammation.

Special Populations

  • Concise summary of pediatric and elderly immune systems.
  • Immune differences in pediatrics (transiently depressed immune function, complement deficiency, susceptibility to infections, especially intracellular pathogens, and maternal antibody levels, with lower levels in infants for a year.)
  • Immune changes in elderly (impaired immune function, chronic diseases/medications affecting immune response, diminished regenerative capacity of the skin, reduced T lymphocyte function, altered T cell subsets, a decrease in antibody/memory B cell production).

Hypersensitivity Reactions

  • Overview of hypersensitivity reactions, types, and mechanisms.

Appendix

  • Providing supplementary information (spare lecture videos).

Epigenetics

  • Explanation of epigenetic modifications and their impact on gene expression, including methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and SUMOylation effects on DNA packaging and accessibility to RNA polymerase.
  • Their effects on gene expression, including heterochromatin (reduced)/euchromatin (increased) effects
  • Role of environmental factors in epigenetic modifications, and how these modifications are linked to various diseases, especially cancers.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Intro and module 1 Pathophysiology September 2024 (PDF)
Module 1 Lecture Slides PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on Module 1 of the genetics curriculum, focusing on learning objectives, disease progression, and the impact of genetics on health. This quiz covers critical concepts such as epigenetics, hypersensitivity reactions, and special populations. Make sure to review the structure and completion requirements of module tests.

More Like This

Genetics and Disease Risk
5 questions

Genetics and Disease Risk

EasyTropicalIsland avatar
EasyTropicalIsland
Molecular and Cell Genetics: Genetics Basis of Disease
8 questions

Molecular and Cell Genetics: Genetics Basis of Disease

StableEpilogue avatar
StableEpilogue
Genetics in Health and Disease
50 questions

Genetics in Health and Disease

FearlessCello avatar
FearlessCello
Genetics and Disease Overview
5 questions

Genetics and Disease Overview

EasygoingEpigram avatar
EasygoingEpigram
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser