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Questions and Answers
In a scenario where a plant with red flowers (RR) is crossed with a plant with white flowers (WW), and the offspring exhibits pink flowers (RW), which inheritance pattern is most likely at play?
In a scenario where a plant with red flowers (RR) is crossed with a plant with white flowers (WW), and the offspring exhibits pink flowers (RW), which inheritance pattern is most likely at play?
- Incomplete Dominance (correct)
- Sex-Linked Inheritance
- Codominance
- Complete Dominance
A researcher is studying a new genetic disease that appears to affect males more frequently than females. Which inheritance pattern should the researcher initially investigate?
A researcher is studying a new genetic disease that appears to affect males more frequently than females. Which inheritance pattern should the researcher initially investigate?
- X-linked (correct)
- Autosomal Recessive
- Autosomal Dominant
- Y-linked
What is the primary purpose of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in biotechnology?
What is the primary purpose of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in biotechnology?
- To cut DNA at specific sites
- To insert genes into host cells
- To separate DNA fragments by size
- To amplify a specific DNA sequence (correct)
A scientist is using restriction enzymes in a gene cloning experiment. What is the role of restriction enzymes in this process?
A scientist is using restriction enzymes in a gene cloning experiment. What is the role of restriction enzymes in this process?
In a pedigree analysis, a geneticist observes that a certain trait appears in every generation and that affected individuals always have at least one affected parent. Which mode of inheritance is most likely?
In a pedigree analysis, a geneticist observes that a certain trait appears in every generation and that affected individuals always have at least one affected parent. Which mode of inheritance is most likely?
Which of the following best describes the process of 'transformation' in the context of genetic engineering?
Which of the following best describes the process of 'transformation' in the context of genetic engineering?
A plant breeder observes that the color of a flower is determined by the interaction of multiple genes. This is an example of what type of inheritance?
A plant breeder observes that the color of a flower is determined by the interaction of multiple genes. This is an example of what type of inheritance?
What is the role of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in gene editing?
What is the role of CRISPR-Cas9 technology in gene editing?
A researcher is working with recombinant DNA. What is the defining characteristic of recombinant DNA?
A researcher is working with recombinant DNA. What is the defining characteristic of recombinant DNA?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of epistasis?
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of epistasis?
Flashcards
Law of Dominance
Law of Dominance
When a dominant allele expresses itself over a recessive allele.
Law of Segregation
Law of Segregation
During meiosis, chromosome pairs separate, each gamete getting one chromosome from each pair.
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Independent Assortment
The assortment of chromosomes for one trait does not affect the assortment for another trait.
Genes
Genes
Section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
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Alleles
Alleles
Different versions of the same gene.
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Dominant Allele
Dominant Allele
The allele that will express itself in the presence of a recessive allele.
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Phenotype
Phenotype
The trait inherited and seen in an organism.
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Homozygous
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
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Heterozygous
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
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Mutation
Mutation
A change in DNA sequence.
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- Law of Dominance dictates a dominant allele expresses itself over a recessive allele.
- Law of Segregation states chromosomes separate in meiosis, each gamete receiving one chromosome from each pair.
- Law of Assortment states the assortment of chromosomes for one trait does not affect another.
- Theory of Inheritance is comprised of the Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Assortment.
- Genes are sections of DNA that code for protein.
- Alleles are different versions of the same gene.
- A dominant allele will express itself.
- A recessive allele will express itself only without a dominant allele.
- Genotype refers to the type of alleles inherited.
- Phenotype is the trait inherited and seen in an organism.
- Homozygous means having two of the same alleles.
- Heterozygous means having two different alleles.
- Hemizygous means having only one allele.
- Monohybrid cross is a cross between one trait.
- Dihybrid cross is a cross between two traits.
- Epistasis occurs when one gene overshadows all the others.
- A carrier is someone who carries a recessive trait but doesn’t show it due to the dominant allele.
- Mutation is any change in DNA.
- Mutagens are chemicals that can cause DNA mutations.
- Duplication changes the size of the chromosome with multiple copies of the same gene.
- Translocation occurs when pieces of non-homologous chromosomes exchange segments in crossing over.
- Nondisjunction is when the chromosome does not separate properly, resulting in one or three chromosomes in a cell.
- Pedigree is a chart used to track the genotypes and phenotypes in a family to determine what kind of traits or diseases they carry.
- Biotechnology is technology used to change the genetic makeup of living things to make products.
- Genetic Engineering involves direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology.
- Recombinant DNA is artificially made DNA from two or more sources.
- Genome is an organism's complete set of DNA.
- Gene Maps show the location of genes on a chromosome.
- Restriction Enzymes are used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations.
- PCR is a technique that allows copying a piece of DNA without a cell.
- Gene Cloning produces multiple identical copies of a gene.
- Transformation is the process of inserting recombinant DNA into host cells.
- Gene Therapy involves inserting a normal gene to fix an absent or abnormal gene.
- CRISPR is a gene editing technique that helps us understand the genetics behind many diseases.
- Autosomal Trait is inherited through the non-sex chromosome and is passed down from parents.
- Sex-linked Trait is inherited through the last pair of chromosomes and is more common in boys.
- Polygenic Trait is produced by two or more genes.
- Multiple Alleles means having more than two alleles for one gene.
- Incomplete Dominance means neither allele is dominant or recessive.
- Complete Dominance means both alleles are expressed fully and separately.
- Point Mutation involves substituting one nucleotide for another.
- Down Syndrome is an example of nondisjunction and happens when there are three copies of the 21st chromosome, known as Trisomy 21.
- Pharming is producing pharmaceuticals in farm animals or plants.
- Positive impacts of GMOs include increased crop yields and reduced pesticide use.
- Negative impacts of GMOs include potential allergic reactions and environmental concerns.
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