Genetic Engineering Procedures
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Questions and Answers

What enzyme was used to soften denim in the stonewashing process?

  • Peroxidase
  • Cellulase (correct)
  • Indole
  • PHA

    • Which of the following is NOT a constraint that was relaxed regarding recombinant DNA technology?

  • The strain used in experiments was not infectious to humans.
  • The insertion of mammalian genes into organisms in nature was observed, and these genes impaired the organism's ability to adapt.
  • Recombinant DNA organisms were successfully introduced into native environments without any adverse effects. (correct)
  • Laboratory workers experienced no illnesses related to recombinants.

    • What type of molecule is produced by microbes for plastic zippers?

  • Cellulose
  • Peroxidase
  • PHA (correct)
  • Indole

    • Which organism was used to clone the genes for peroxidase production, resulting in a more environmentally friendly bleaching process?

    <p>Mushroom (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary finding of the Human Genome Project?

    <p>The complete sequence of the human genome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the role of the Ti plasmid in biotechnology?

    <p>It can be used to transfer genes into plants, enabling genetic modification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of genetic engineering mentioned in the provided text?

    <p>Antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of the bacterium modified for enhanced nitrogen fixation makes it valuable in agriculture?

    <p>Its ability to convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms for plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the toxin produced by the genetically engineered bacterium used to kill root-eating insects?

    <p>To target and kill specific pest insects that damage crops. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text mentions that the toxin produced by the genetically engineered bacterium is harmless to humans. This highlights which important aspect of biotechnology?

    <p>The potential for creating new, non-toxic pesticides and herbicides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a practical application of DNA sequencing in the context of cystic fibrosis?

    <p>Development of a diagnostic tool to detect the mutated gene. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique utilizes a radioactive probe to detect the presence of a specific DNA sequence?

    <p>Southern Blotting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of gene therapy in the context of genetic diseases?

    <p>To replace defective genes with normal ones. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are DNA chips and PCR microarrays used in disease detection?

    <p>They can detect multiple pathogens simultaneously from a single sample. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in forensic microbiology?

    <p>To amplify small amounts of DNA for analysis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct application of genetic engineering within the agricultural field?

    <p>Developing crops that can produce vaccines and pharmaceuticals within their tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between conventional plant crosses and genetically altered plants in terms of process?

    <p>Conventional plant crosses rely on natural breeding methods, while genetically altered plants involve direct gene modification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    DNA Sequencing

    The process of determining the exact order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.

    Cystic Fibrosis

    A genetic disorder caused by a mutant gene leading to mucus overproduction and respiratory blockage.

    Southern Blotting

    A method to detect specific DNA sequences using gel electrophoresis and a radioactive probe.

    Gene Therapy

    A technique to replace or repair defective genes to treat genetic disorders.

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    DNA Fingerprinting

    A method to identify organisms based on unique DNA patterns.

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    Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

    A technique used to amplify small amounts of DNA for analysis.

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    DNA Chips

    Devices that can screen samples for multiple pathogens simultaneously using DNA sequences.

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    Genetically Altered Plants

    Plants whose genetic material has been modified for better growth and yield.

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    Ti plasmid

    A plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens used in genetic engineering of plants.

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    Nitrogen fixation

    The process by which certain bacteria convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a usable form for plants.

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    Insect toxin

    A toxin produced by modified bacteria that is harmful to particular insects but safe for humans.

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    Crown gall disease

    A plant disease caused by the Ti plasmid that leads to tumor-like growth on infected plants.

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    Genetic engineering in agriculture

    The modification of plants to enhance traits like pest resistance or growth rates through biotechnology.

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    Stonewashed Denim

    Denim made softer through enzyme treatment, like cellulases.

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    Indigo Dye Process

    Requires high pH and produces explosive waste on air contact.

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    Microbial Zippers

    Plastic zippers produced by microbes that generate PHA, similar to plastic.

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    Recombinant DNA Technology

    Involves combining DNA from different sources; crucial for genetic research.

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    Mammalian Genes in Nature

    Observation that such genes in organisms could impair their adaptation.

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    Study Notes

    Genetic Engineering Procedures

    • Genetic engineering involves isolating a gene of interest from a DNA molecule.
    • The isolated gene is inserted into a vector (e.g., plasmid).
    • The recombinant vector (carrying the gene of interest) is introduced into a host cell.
    • The host cell replicates the gene, and its protein product.
    • Copies of the protein product are harvested.
    • Applications include pest resistance in plants, gene alteration for cleaning up toxic wastes, producing proteins like human growth hormone, and enhancing nitrogen fixation.

    Typical Genetic Engineering Procedures

    • The gene of interest is isolated from DNA.
    • DNA is cut into fragments using DNA enzymes.
    • The gene is inserted into a plasmid.
    • The plasmid is taken up by a bacteria cell.
    • Cells with the gene of interest reproduce.
    • Cells produce the protein.
    • Proteins are harvested.

    Information from Cloned DNA

    • DNA sequencing, which determines the precise sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA.

    Example Applications: Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

    • Identification and cloning of the mutated gene causing CF.
    • Mucus oversecretion in the respiratory tract leads to blocked airways.
    • The mutated gene sequence is used for diagnosis in the Southern blotting technique.

    Southern Blotting Procedure

    • Target DNA is digested by a restriction enzyme.
    • Digested DNA fragments are separated using gel electrophoresis.
    • The separated fragments are transferred onto a filter.
    • The fragments are exposed to a radioactive probe, which hybridizes to the mutated gene but not normal gene.
    • Identification is done by revealing the probe-bound fragments using X-ray film

    Gene Therapy

    • Can potentially cure some genetic illnesses.
    • Defective genes can be replaced with normal ones.
    • Transformed cells return to person allowing them to function normally.

    Forensic Microbiology

    • DNA fingerprinting to identify bacterial or viral pathogens.
    • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplifies small amounts of DNA.
    • PCR is a diagnostic tool. Examples include detecting AIDS virus, SARS, cocksackie virus, E. coli 0157:H7.

    DNA Chips and PCR Microarrays

    • Developed to screen multiple pathogens at once.
    • Useful for detecting multiple microorganisms within a sample simultaneously.
    • Up to 22 primers (short DNA sequences) can initiate PCR to detect the presence of different microbes simultaneously.

    Agricultural Applications

    • Conventional plant breeding methods are slow.
    • Genetic engineering allows large-scale production of genetically modified crops.
    • This can lead to crops with enhanced qualities (e.g., pest resistance or higher yields).
    • Plant cells can be engineered using genetic engineering

    Agricultural Products

    • Several agricultural products are generated using genetic engineering.
    • Examples include enhanced nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium, enhanced toxin production in Pseudomonas for insect resistance, and enhanced growth hormone production in cattle.

    Crown Gall Disease

    • Tumor-like growth in plants is due to a gene on the Ti plasmid.
    • This plasmid is carried and introduced by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria.

    Other Information

    • The Ti plasmid is an important tool in biotechnology.
    • Constraints on recombinant DNA technology were lifted due to a lack of illness in workers and the inability of a specific E. coli strain to infect humans despite ingestion.
    • Mammalian genes introduced into E. coli may affect its ability to survive outside the lab.
    • E. coli containing recombinant DNA are controlled through established sanitation practices.
    • New treatments and diagnostic tools are possible through genetic engineering.
    • Genetic engineering tools have mapped the human genome.

    Designer Jeans

    • Cotton and Denim blue jeans are made with the help of biotechnology to improve the quality of jeans.
    • Stonewashed denim, a softer form of denim that uses the enzyme cellulase, is an example of environmentally friendly methods.
    • Peroxidase producers from yeasts are used for bleaching.
    • Gluconacetobacter xylinus bacteria produce cellulose.
    • Indigo dye requires high pH levels.
    • Genes in Pseudomonas putida produce indigo from indole-producing E. coli.
    • Microbes also produce plastic-like PHA.
    • Labels are made from cellulose produced by Gluconacetobacter.

    The Future of Genetic Engineering

    • New treatments and diagnostic tools for diseases.
    • Tools for genetic disease diagnosis and treatment.

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    Related Documents

    Genetic Engineering Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental processes involved in genetic engineering, including gene isolation, vector insertion, and host cell replication. It explores typical procedures and applications of genetic engineering techniques, such as pest resistance and protein production. Test your understanding of how recombinant DNA is created and utilized in various fields.

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