29 Questions
What is the process labeled B in the text?
DNA replication
What is the term for a cell (Cell C) that has a DNA molecule from two different sources?
Hybrid cell
What is the goal of gene therapy as mentioned in the text?
Replacing defective genes with normal genes
What is the gland mentioned in the text that produces something and has a cell associated with its DNA?
Mammary gland
What can medical scientists do using DNA technology like PCR according to the text?
Replacing non-functional genes with functional ones
How do persons with genetic diseases benefit from gene therapy according to the text?
Having a greater chance of living long and normal lives
What is the advantage of using short tandem repeat (STR) profiling over restriction enzymes in DNA analysis?
Doesn't alter the DNA sequences
Why do smaller DNA fragments move farther through the gel in gel electrophoresis?
They have fewer repeats of STRs
How are PCR products analyzed in an automated DNA sequencer?
By detecting the fluorescent labels with a laser
Why do individuals who are homozygotes have a single DNA fragment in their profile?
As they have the same number of repeats at a specific STR locus
How does the number of STR loci employed affect the confidence in DNA profiling results?
It enhances the distinctiveness of the results
Which technology is used to amplify target sequences of DNA in STR profiling?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
What is the purpose of DNA sequencing in genetic engineering?
To identify mutations
What is the function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering?
To cut DNA at specific sequences
How are DNA fragments separated in gel electrophoresis?
According to size
What is the purpose of recombinant DNA in genetic engineering?
To produce human insulin protein
In DNA sequencing, what is done after millions of copies of a double-stranded DNA fragment are cloned using PCR?
The strands are separated from each other
What method is used to make multiple copies of a piece of DNA for recombinant DNA studies?
Polymerase chain reaction
How is the length of a DNA fragment estimated in gel electrophoresis?
Smaller fragments travel faster and farther than larger fragments.
What characteristic of DNA allows DNA fingerprinting to identify individuals?
The number of repeats in each location varies from person to person.
Referring to the figure provided, which statement is consistent with the results?
C is the child of A and B
Which industry is currently utilizing genetic engineering, except for the production of human insulin and human growth hormone?
Agricultural industry for developing drought-resistant crops
What role do restriction enzymes play in recombinant DNA studies?
Cutting DNA at specific sequences to facilitate gene insertion
What is genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology?
The manipulation or alteration of DNA by modifying genes
What are transgenic organisms?
Organisms that have received manipulated DNA from other organisms
What is cloning in the context of genetics?
Producing exact replicas of original organisms
What role does DNA ligase play in genetic engineering?
Inserting genes into DNA
How did investigators use DNA fingerprinting in a murder case?
To link the suspect to the victim by analyzing seeds found at the crime scene
How can DNA fingerprints be utilized beyond criminal investigations?
As evidence in paternity cases to establish biological relationships
Study Notes
Genetic Engineering
- Genetic engineering involves the manipulation or alteration of DNA of cells or individuals by removing, inserting, or modifying genes.
- It allows for the production of human insulin protein by cloning a human gene into a bacterial cell.
- The gene is isolated for use in additional experiments or left in the bacterial host cell to produce human insulin protein.
DNA Sequencing
- DNA sequencing is used to determine the sequence or correct order of DNA bases.
- It involves cloning millions of copies of a double-stranded DNA fragment using PCR.
- The strands are separated, and single-stranded fragments are placed in four different test tubes, one for each DNA base.
- Each tube contains four normal nucleotides (A, C, G, T) and an enzyme that can catalyze the synthesis of a complementary strand.
- One nucleotide in each tube is tagged with a different fluorescent color.
- The reactions produce complementary strands of varying lengths.
- These strands are separated according to size by gel electrophoresis, producing a pattern of fluorescent bands in the gel.
Gel Electrophoresis
- Gel electrophoresis is a process that separates DNA fragments according to their size.
- Smaller fragments move farther through the gel than larger fragments, resulting in a pattern of distinctive bands, called a DNA profile, or DNA fingerprint.
- This technique is used in DNA sequencing and DNA fingerprinting.
DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA fingerprinting, also known as short tandem repeat (STR) profiling, is a method used to identify individuals.
- It involves amplifying target sequences of DNA using PCR, which are then fluorescently labeled.
- The PCR products are placed in an automated DNA sequencer, and the fluorescent labels are picked up by a laser.
- A detector records the length of each DNA fragment, which is different for each person.
- Individuals who are homozygotes will have a single fragment, and heterozygotes will have two fragments of different lengths.
Applications of Genetic Engineering
- Genetic engineering is used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of human insulin and human growth hormone.
- It is also used in gene therapy to remove defective genes in the body and replace them with normal ones.
- Gene therapy can treat diseases such as hemophilia and cystic fibrosis, allowing individuals with genetic diseases to live long and normal lives.
DNA Fingerprinting in Forensic Science
- DNA fingerprinting is used as evidence in forensic science to identify individuals.
- It can be used to establish that a suspect was at a crime scene or was with a victim when they were killed.
- DNA fingerprinting can also be used in paternity suits to determine the real father of a child.
Test your knowledge of genetic engineering by labeling the diagram involving the process of isolating genes for additional experiments or protein production. Identify key components such as recombinant DNA, plasmid, bacterial host cell, and DNA ligase. Learn about the applications of genetic engineering in producing pure DNA for sequencing.
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