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What are transgenic organisms primarily created for?
What are transgenic organisms primarily created for?
What is a unique application of genetic engineering in transgenic goats?
What is a unique application of genetic engineering in transgenic goats?
Which of the following best describes a transgenic plant?
Which of the following best describes a transgenic plant?
What does the term 'biotechnology' refer to?
What does the term 'biotechnology' refer to?
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What is a consequence of inserting a gene for a natural pesticide into corn?
What is a consequence of inserting a gene for a natural pesticide into corn?
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What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering?
What is the primary purpose of genetic engineering?
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Which of the following accurately describes artificial selection?
Which of the following accurately describes artificial selection?
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In hybridization, what is the outcome of crossing two individuals with unlike characteristics?
In hybridization, what is the outcome of crossing two individuals with unlike characteristics?
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What process is involved in producing genetically modified organisms through the transfer of genes?
What process is involved in producing genetically modified organisms through the transfer of genes?
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What is a common result of selective breeding in animals?
What is a common result of selective breeding in animals?
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Which animal example illustrates the concept of inbreeding?
Which animal example illustrates the concept of inbreeding?
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What is a key characteristic of transgenic organisms?
What is a key characteristic of transgenic organisms?
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What best describes the outcome of gel electrophoresis?
What best describes the outcome of gel electrophoresis?
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What is a primary risk associated with cloning?
What is a primary risk associated with cloning?
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What is the main purpose of using a restriction enzyme in gene splicing?
What is the main purpose of using a restriction enzyme in gene splicing?
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What is the main risk associated with inbreeding in relation to genetic disorders?
What is the main risk associated with inbreeding in relation to genetic disorders?
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What is the result of combining human insulin genes with bacterial plasmids?
What is the result of combining human insulin genes with bacterial plasmids?
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What does cloning involve?
What does cloning involve?
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Which of the following best describes transformation in genetic engineering?
Which of the following best describes transformation in genetic engineering?
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How many chromosomes are found in a human egg cell?
How many chromosomes are found in a human egg cell?
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What is a disadvantage of using pig insulin compared to human insulin?
What is a disadvantage of using pig insulin compared to human insulin?
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What role does the environment play in the development of cloned organisms, as seen with Dolly's clone?
What role does the environment play in the development of cloned organisms, as seen with Dolly's clone?
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What is the first step in the human cloning process?
What is the first step in the human cloning process?
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Which statement about bacterial plasmids is true?
Which statement about bacterial plasmids is true?
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What is the primary difference between haploid and diploid cells?
What is the primary difference between haploid and diploid cells?
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How does gene splicing directly improve the production of insulin?
How does gene splicing directly improve the production of insulin?
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What occurs when a clone gets a disease?
What occurs when a clone gets a disease?
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Which of the following statements about Dolly the sheep is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about Dolly the sheep is incorrect?
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What happens to the nucleus of the egg cell before cloning can occur?
What happens to the nucleus of the egg cell before cloning can occur?
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Study Notes
Genetic Engineering
- Genetic engineering is the process of altering DNA in living organisms to create something new.
- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose DNA has been altered.
- Examples include bacteria producing human insulin, illustrating the transfer of genes across species.
- Genetically modified organisms are also called transgenic organisms because genes are transferred from one organism to another.
Genetic Engineering Techniques
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Artificial Selection: Breeders choose organisms to mate, aiming for offspring with desired traits.
- Selective breeding focuses on choosing the best male and female to breed and maintaining those best traits.
- Examples of selective breeding include champion race horses, cows with tender meat, or oranges with large juicy fruit.
- Breeders cannot control the specific genes inherited, but desirable traits are maintained through further breeding.
- Inbreeding focuses on similar organisms breeding, increasing the risk of genetic disorders in offspring.
- Hybridization involves crossing two organisms with unlike characteristics to get a desirable combination. Examples include Luther Burbank's disease-resistant potato, a hybridized product combining disease resistance with high yield. Liger (lion and tiger mix) and Grapple (grape and apple mix) are other examples of hybridization.
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Cloning: Creating an exact genetic copy of another organism.
- Cloning results in organisms genetically identical to a single parent. Identical twins are a natural form of cloning.
- Cloning involves removing a single cell from a parent organism and growing a complete new organism from that one cell. Cloning is a form of asexual reproduction.
- Dolly the sheep was the first mammal cloned.
- Although Dolly had the same DNA as her mother, environmental factors still affected her characteristics.
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Gene Splicing: Cutting DNA from one organism and inserting it into another.
- This allows for the transfer of specific traits.
- Examples include genetically modifying bacteria to produce human insulin, a more efficient, and economical method.
- High tech lab equipment is necessary for gene splicing because DNA is very small.
- Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific locations.
- Restriction enzymes are enzymes that cut DNA at precise code sequences.
- There are thousands of restriction enzymes, each cutting DNA based on a particular sequence of nucleotides.
- The DNA segment is cut in places where the sequences indicate.
- The different cuts produce different fragments.
- Gel Electrophoresis: Analyzing DNA.
Cloning Process
- Step 1: Remove an egg from a female human/animal.
- Step 2: Remove the nucleus from the egg.
- Step 3: Take DNA from a body cell of the required organism and place it in the empty egg cell.
- Step 4: Charge the egg cell with electricity to start mitosis.
- Step 5: Place the cell into a surrogate mother until it grows into a baby.
Cloning Risks
- Decreases genetic diversity.
- If one clone gets a disease, they all potentially get it (due to the same immune system).
- Low success rate (approximately 90% failure rate).
- Expensive.
Benefits of Gene Splicing (e.g., Insulin production)
- Cheaper insulin.
- No side effects because it's human insulin.
- Pigs once produced insulin, but this incurred side effects and was expensive.
Transformation and Transgenic Organisms
- Transformation: Transferring a gene from one organism to another.
- Transgenic organisms: Organisms with transferred genes.
- Biotechnology is the field arisen from genetic engineering (technology of life).
Types of Transgenic Organisms
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Transgenic Animals: Genes inserted into animals to create needed products by animals.
- Example: Transgenic cows with genes to increase milk production.
- Example: Spider goats producing spider web silk proteins in their milk.
- Example: Glow-in-the-dark cats.
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Transgenic Bacteria: Bacteria producing things humans need.
- Example: Bacteria creating human insulin for medical use.
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Transgenic Plants: Plants given genes to meet human needs.
- Example: Corn producing pesticide.
- Example: Cabbage producing insecticide produced from a scorpion's venom.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of genetic engineering and its techniques. Learn about genetically modified organisms (GMOs), artificial selection, and selective breeding. This quiz covers essential principles that underpin modern biotechnology.
