Genetic Engineering and Bacterial Transfer Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following methods of bacterial genetic transfer involves the use of a virus?

Transformation

Conjugation

Genetic Engineering

Transduction (correct)

What is the main function of restriction enzymes in the process of genetic engineering?

To insert foreign DNA into bacteria

To cut DNA molecules at specific sequences (correct)

To replicate the DNA of interest

To break down bacterial cell walls

What is the role of antibiotic resistance genes in genetic engineering?

To kill bacteria that have not taken up the foreign DNA

To provide energy for the bacteria to express the foreign gene

To select for bacteria that have successfully incorporated the foreign DNA (correct)

To increase the rate of bacterial reproduction

How does the lysogenic cycle of a virus differ from the lytic cycle?

The lysogenic cycle involves integration of viral DNA into the host genome. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the capsid in a virus?

To protect the viral nucleic acid (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacterial endospores?

Able to reproduce independently (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does conjugation differ from transformation and transduction in bacterial genetic transfer?

Conjugation involves the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of decomposer bacteria in an ecosystem?

To convert organic matter into inorganic matter (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of creating a karyotype chart?

To identify chromosomal abnormalities and determine the arrangement of chromosomes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Turner syndrome?

Affected individuals are female and often experience sexual immaturity and sterility. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which prenatal testing method can be employed earliest in a pregnancy?

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), as early as the eight week of pregnancy. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities is characterized by an XXY sex chromosome combination?

Klinefelter syndrome (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a pedigree in human genetics?

To analyze the Mendelian inheritance pattern of specific traits. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the external intercostal muscles?

To raise the rib cage, decreasing pressure inside the chest cavity. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species to fill various ecological niches?

Adaptive radiation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pleural membrane?

A thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological response is typically the first reaction to hypoxia at high altitude?

Increased breathing rate to enhance oxygen intake. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of athletes training at high altitudes?

To increase the number of red blood cells and enhance oxygen delivery. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the breakdown of sugar and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP?

Respiration (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'divergent evolution' describe?

The evolution of different traits in species with a common ancestor due to different environmental pressures. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is ventilation in the context of the respiratory system?

The process of air flowing in and out of the lungs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of macrophages in the immune response?

To engulf and digest antigens (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?

The ventricles are relaxed and fill with blood (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which blood component is responsible for sustaining long-term immunity?

Memory B cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does vasoconstriction have on blood vessels?

Reduces blood flow by decreasing vessel diameter (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated heart rate imply if the cardiac output remains constant?

The stroke volume has decreased (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Natural selection favouring specific traits (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms leads to allopatric speciation?

Physical separation of populations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Homologous structures indicate a common ancestor, while analogous structures do not. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes stabilizing selection?

Favors individuals with average traits (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of embryology as evidence for evolution?

Embryos of related species exhibit similar developmental stages. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which postzygotic isolation mechanism results in offspring that cannot produce their own offspring?

Infertility (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the bottleneck effect?

A random event that drastically reduces population size and genetic diversity. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following supports Darwin's theory of evolution?

All organisms produce more offspring than can survive. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What information can be gathered from studying a pedigree?

The history of genetic information of the family (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes directional selection?

Favors individuals with an extreme form of a trait (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is genetic drift more pronounced in small populations?

Chance events have a larger impact on allele frequencies. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of analogous structures?

Bird wing and insect wing (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive isolation mechanism is the most efficient?

Prezygotic (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a sex-linked recessive inheritance pattern, who transmits the trait to the next generation?

Father to daughter and mother to son (C) Signup and view all the answers

The theory of need, use and disuse and inheritance, is associated with which of the following scientist?

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red blood cells?

Carrying oxygen throughout the body (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the path of blood through the heart?

Right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the tricuspid valve in the heart?

Controlling blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between arteries and veins?

Arteries carry deoxygenated blood, while veins carry oxygenated blood (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of capillaries in the digestive tract?

Absorbing nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and water (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of red blood cells?

They contain a nucleus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate lifespan of a red blood cell?

120 days (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is Vital Capacity?

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Meiosis

Cell division in reproductive cells
Produces gametes (egg or sperm) that are haploid
Referred to as reduction division

Variation

Achieved by independent assortment and crossing over
Crossing over occurs in prophase I
- Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis)
- Non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material
- creating new combinations of alleles not found in the parent cell
Independent assortment happens in metaphase I and anaphase I
- Random arrangement of homologous chromosome pairs along the metaphase plate
- Results in different combinations of chromosomes in daughter cells
- Increases genetic variation

Purpose of Meiosis

Reduce chromosome number by half
Create genetically diverse gametes
Contributes to genetic variation

Spermatogenesis

Production of mature sperm cells
Takes place in the testes
Produces 4 sperm cells
Cytoplasm is divided equally

Oogenesis

Production of mature egg cells
Takes place in the ovaries
Produces only 1 ovum
Cytoplasm is divided unequally

Nondisjunction

Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis
Aneuploidy can result
- Daughter cell with one less chromosome (monosomy)
- Daughter cell with one extra chromosome (trisomy)
Resulting issues
- Down syndrome
- Turner syndrome
- Triple-X syndrome

Mendelian Genetics

Heterozygous: Individual with two different alleles for a characteristic
Homozygous: Individual with two of the same alleles for a characteristic
Dominant: Allele that is always expressed when present
Recessive: Allele that is expressed only when the dominant allele is absent
Genotype: Genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype: Observable characteristics of an individual

Monohybrid Cross

Cross between two parents resulting in hybrid offspring, following one trait and one set of alleles.
Example: Let E represent cyclops, e represent compound eyes

Test Cross

Used to determine the genotype of an organism showing a dominant phenotype whose genotype is unknown.
Cross the organism with a homozygous recessive individual
This reveals the recessive alleles present

Dihybrid Cross

Cross between two parents following two traits, two sets of alleles.
Calculating probabilities of genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring.
Example: Crossing heterozygous individuals for both traits (AaBb × AaBb)

Beyond Mendel

Incomplete dominance: Hybrid offspring shows a blending of two traits
Codominance: Both traits of the parents are fully expressed in the offspring

Sex Linkage

Traits passed onto offspring via X or Y chromosomes.
Diseases have a higher chance of occurring in males.
Females have back-up X chromosomes

Karyotype

Chromosomes of an individual sorted by size and type
Prenatal testing can identify chromosomal abnormalities
- Methods include chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Trisomy: Three copies of a homologous chromosome
Monosomy: Single copy of a homologous chromosome

Pedigrees

Diagrams of individuals' ancestors in human genetics.
Mendelian traits
Determine genotypes and phenotypes for traits in a family.
Helps trace the inheritance of desired and undesirable traits.

Unit 2: Evolution

Darwin's Theory of Evolution:
- Organisms produce more offspring than can survive
- Individuals vary
- Best-adapted individuals survive and reproduce
Survival of the fittest: Slight variations within individuals can be beneficial for survival.
Lamarck's Theory: Organs and parts develop with use, and these changes are passed to offspring.
Homologous structures: Similar structures, common ancestry
Analogous structures: Similar structures, no common ancestry
Hardy–Weinberg principle: A population will remain stable through time. This occurs when the population is large, random mating exists, there is no migration or mutation, no natural selection is taking place
Evidence of evolution:
- Fossil record
- Embryology
- Biochemistry (DNA)

Population Shifts in Evolution

Stabilizing selection: Favors average traits
Directional selection: Favors individuals with extreme traits
Disruptive selection: Favors individuals with extreme traits, leading to distinct population groups

Nonrandom Mating

Organisms mate based on geographic proximity or chosen mate.
This can amplify some traits and decrease others

Genetic Drift

Changes in allele frequencies due to chance events.
Bottleneck effect: Sudden reduction in population size due to a natural disaster.
Founder effect: A few individuals establish a new isolated population, leading to a different gene pool from the original.

Isolating Mechanisms

Any barrier that prevents successful breeding between populations.
Geographical isolation: Populations physically separated.
Reproductive isolation: Barriers that prevent interbreeding, like different mating times, behaviours, gametic differences etc.
Allopatric speciation: Formation of new species when populations are physically separated.
Sympatric speciation: Formation of new species without geographical separation.

Prezygotic and Postzygotic Barriers

Prezygotic barriers: Barriers that prevent fertilization
- Temporal, mechanical, behavioural, gametic isolation
Postzygotic barriers: Barriers that occur after fertilization
- Zygote mortality, hybrid inviability, hybrid infertility

Unit 3: Animal Systems Physiology

Respiratory system:
- Alveoli, pleural membrane, external and internal intercostal muscles
- Respiration: Gas exchange, ventilation, Tidal Volume(TV), breathing, etc.
Circulatory System:
- Heart's four chambers (right and left atrium → right and left ventricle), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
- Heart's valves, pumping action, blood flow.

Types of blood

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells
Blood types
Diseases pertaining to blood

Unit 4: Diversity of Living Things

Taxonomy: Classification of organisms (e.g., domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species)
Six kingdoms: Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, plants, animals
Characteristics of each kingdom: Based on characteristics like cell type, nutrition, etc.

Viruses (General)

Structure: Nuclei acid, Capsid, Envelope
Function: Genetic info, protection, etc.
Lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle