Podcast
Questions and Answers
We have already referred to DNA as a code or blueprint for living things. More specifically, it is a code for making _____.
We have already referred to DNA as a code or blueprint for living things. More specifically, it is a code for making _____.
proteins
A sequence of bases = a gene. Each gene on a chromosome “codes” for a protein (aka _____).
A sequence of bases = a gene. Each gene on a chromosome “codes” for a protein (aka _____).
polypeptide
If proteins are strings of amino acids, the DNA determines the _____ of the amino acids.
If proteins are strings of amino acids, the DNA determines the _____ of the amino acids.
sequence
Protein Synthesis = the _____ of proteins or gene _____.
Protein Synthesis = the _____ of proteins or gene _____.
The DNA is located inside the _____ but proteins are made on the _____.
The DNA is located inside the _____ but proteins are made on the _____.
Protein Synthesis involves a cousin of DNA, called _____. RNA is similar to DNA, but instead of being double stranded, it is only _____ stranded.
Protein Synthesis involves a cousin of DNA, called _____. RNA is similar to DNA, but instead of being double stranded, it is only _____ stranded.
RNA consists of a pentose sugar (_____), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous bases used in RNA are different. The purines are the same (Adenine and Guanine), but the pyrimidines are different (Cytosine and _____).
RNA consists of a pentose sugar (_____), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous bases used in RNA are different. The purines are the same (Adenine and Guanine), but the pyrimidines are different (Cytosine and _____).
MRNA (_____ RNA), tRNA (_____ RNA) and rRNA (_____ RNA)
MRNA (_____ RNA), tRNA (_____ RNA) and rRNA (_____ RNA)
Transcription starts inside the _____ and involves _____.
Transcription starts inside the _____ and involves _____.
The enzyme _____ Polymerase begins to match up RNA base pairs to the unzipped _____ strand using the RNA pairing rules.
The enzyme _____ Polymerase begins to match up RNA base pairs to the unzipped _____ strand using the RNA pairing rules.
These new base pairs form a strand of _____. The mRNA leaves the nucleus through the _____.
These new base pairs form a strand of _____. The mRNA leaves the nucleus through the _____.
The mRNA goes to a _____ and binds to it.
The mRNA goes to a _____ and binds to it.
Essentially, transcription is all about creating _____.
Essentially, transcription is all about creating _____.
Translation occurs on the _____. The _____ binds to the ribosome.
Translation occurs on the _____. The _____ binds to the ribosome.
The ribosome “reads” the mRNA in sequences of 3 bases at a time. Every 3 bases on the mRNA is called a _____. Each codon codes for an _____ acid.
The ribosome “reads” the mRNA in sequences of 3 bases at a time. Every 3 bases on the mRNA is called a _____. Each codon codes for an _____ acid.
For example: 3 U's in a row is read as UUU and equals the amino acid _____.
For example: 3 U's in a row is read as UUU and equals the amino acid _____.
TRNA molecules match their _____ with the codons on the mRNA molecule and bring with them the correct _____.
TRNA molecules match their _____ with the codons on the mRNA molecule and bring with them the correct _____.
The tRNA molecules drop off their amino acids and leave the ribosome. The growing chain of amino acids eventually forms a _____.
The tRNA molecules drop off their amino acids and leave the ribosome. The growing chain of amino acids eventually forms a _____.
AUG = the amino acid _____. This the universal _____ codon. This tells the ribosome when to _____ protein.
AUG = the amino acid _____. This the universal _____ codon. This tells the ribosome when to _____ protein.
UAA, UAG, and UGA are known as the _____ codons. They instruct the ribosome to stop protein synthesis.
UAA, UAG, and UGA are known as the _____ codons. They instruct the ribosome to stop protein synthesis.
Flashcards
What does DNA code for?
What does DNA code for?
Proteins are the product of genes, encoded by DNA sequences.
What is protein synthesis?
What is protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis is the process of creating proteins from DNA, involving transcription and translation.
What is RNA?
What is RNA?
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid similar to DNA, essential for protein synthesis.
What is the role of mRNA?
What is the role of mRNA?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What does tRNA do?
What does tRNA do?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is rRNA's function?
What is rRNA's function?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is transcription?
What is transcription?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is RNA Polymerase?
What is RNA Polymerase?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is translation?
What is translation?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is a codon?
What is a codon?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
- DNA serves as a code or blueprint for living things, specifically coding for proteins.
Genes and Protein Synthesis
- A sequence of bases forms a gene.
- Each gene on a chromosome codes for a protein, also known as a polypeptide.
- DNA determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
- Protein synthesis is the manufacturing or expression of proteins or genes.
- DNA resides in the nucleus, while proteins are made on ribosomes.
- Protein synthesis involves RNA, a cousin of DNA.
- RNA is single-stranded, unlike the double-stranded DNA.
- RNA consists of a ribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
- RNA's nitrogenous bases differ from DNA; while purines are the same (Adenine and Guanine), pyrimidines differ (RNA contains uracil instead of thymine).
- mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA), and rRNA (ribosomal RNA) are the three types of RNA.
Transcription
- Protein synthesis has two phases: transcription and translation.
- Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves mRNA.
- A region of the DNA unwinds.
- RNA polymerase matches RNA base pairs to the unzipped DNA strand: A binds with U (in RNA), G binds with C, and C binds with G.
- New base pairs form a strand of mRNA.
- mRNA exits the nucleus through nuclear pores.
- The DNA winds back up.
- mRNA binds to a ribosome, initiating translation.
- Transcription essentially creates mRNA.
Translation
- Translation occurs on the ribosome.
- mRNA binds to the ribosome.
- The ribosome reads the mRNA in codons (sequences of 3 bases).
- Each codon codes for an amino acid, such as UUU coding for phenylalanine.
- tRNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons, bringing the corresponding amino acids.
- tRNA molecules drop off their amino acids and leave the ribosome.
- A protein is formed from the growing chain of amino acids.
- There are 64 possible codon combinations (using U, A, G, C), but only 20 amino acids, therefore some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon.
Special Condons
- AUG (methionine) is the universal start codon, signaling the ribosome to begin building the protein; every protein begins with the codon AUG.
- UAA, UAG, and UGA are stop codons, instructing the ribosome to stop protein synthesis.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
