Genes, Behaviour and Environment 4MBBS103

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of disease burden in England is attributed to preventable risk factors?

50%

60%

40% (correct)

25%

Which condition is linked to the highest percentage of behaviour-related cases?

Diabetes

Heart disease

Cancers (correct)

Stroke

What is the main focus of psychological theory in terms of health behaviours?

Monitoring and regulation

Diagnosis and prognosis

Evaluation and treatment

Promotion and prevention (correct)

Which type of mortality is defined as deaths that can mainly be avoided through effective public health interventions?

Preventable mortality Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cases of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes could potentially be avoided with proper lifestyle management?

80% Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Khaw et al. (2008), which demographic was assessed for health behaviours?

Men and women aged 45-79 years Signup and view all the answers

Average life expectancy can be notably improved by addressing which aspect?

Health behaviours Signup and view all the answers

Avoidable mortality encompasses which types of deaths?

Deaths from treatable and preventable causes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes health behaviours?

They can be independent of each other. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key determinant of health behaviour according to psychological models?

Reinforcement and emotional factors. Signup and view all the answers

How do operant factors influence health behaviour?

They offer immediate positive reinforcement for risky behaviours. Signup and view all the answers

What role does observational learning play in health behaviour?

It encourages the development of both positive and negative behaviours. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor could be considered a cultural determinant of health behaviour?

Government taxation on smoking. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cognitive factor affecting health behaviour?

Personal attitudes towards exercise. Signup and view all the answers

How can social pressure function as a determinant of health behaviour?

It can either reinforce or undermine behaviours depending on peer groups. Signup and view all the answers

What tends to characterize unhealthy behaviours regarding their consequences?

They provide immediate positive reinforcement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for actions taken by individuals that affect health or mortality?

Health behaviour Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of health behaviours is associated with the highest mortality risk?

All four risky health behaviours listed Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is the equivalent age difference in mortality risk for individuals with four unhealthy behaviours versus none?

14 years younger Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following behaviours is classified as compromising health behaviour?

Engaging in excessive alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health behaviours has changed over time according to evolving scientific knowledge?

The recommended quantity of fruit and vegetables Signup and view all the answers

What type of health behaviour includes adherence to treatment and appointment attendance?

Illness-related behaviours Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered a promoting health behaviour?

Engaging in excessive smoking Signup and view all the answers

What category of health behaviours does smoking fall under?

Risky behaviours Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavior change does perceived severity primarily address?

The emotional response to potential consequences Signup and view all the answers

Which question best assesses a person's perceived susceptibility related to smoking?

How do you think smoking will affect your health in 10 years? Signup and view all the answers

In the context of smoking cessation, what does perceived cost/barriers refer to?

The anticipated discomfort of withdrawal symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a cue to action in the context of smoking cessation?

Receiving advice from a healthcare professional on quitting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a person's perceived benefits of quitting smoking?

The potential for improved social relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to be the focus of a perceived cost assessment regarding smoking cessation?

The discomfort from potential withdrawal symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is most likely associated with self-affirmation in the context of smoking behaviour?

Greater acceptance of anti-smoking information Signup and view all the answers

What does the Health Belief Model emphasize as a key predictor of behaviour change?

Perceived severity of the medical problem Signup and view all the answers

What is one proposed method to enhance the efficacy of population health interventions?

Target perceived risk and encourage motivation to act Signup and view all the answers

Which belief is likely to be the most significant in determining James' action towards changing his diet according to the Health Belief Model?

Necessity beliefs regarding medical advice Signup and view all the answers

How can self-affirmation contribute to an individual's intention to quit smoking?

By enhancing self-worth and reducing defensiveness Signup and view all the answers

What overarching theory relates to the diverse determinants of health outcomes described?

Health Belief Model Signup and view all the answers

What role do perceived control beliefs play in health behaviour change?

They support the belief that behaviour change is possible Signup and view all the answers

In which aspect is the Theory of Planned Behaviour primarily focused?

Intentions as mediators of behaviour change Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Role of Behaviour on Health Outcomes

Health outcomes can significantly be influenced by individual behaviors, impacting both preventable and treatable mortality.
Preventable mortality links to deaths which can be avoided through effective public health measures.
Treatable mortality pertains to deaths preventable via timely healthcare interventions.
Avoidable mortality encompasses both preventable and treatable deaths.
Nearly 40% of disease burden in England stems from preventable risk factors (NHS England, 2019).
Around 38% of all cancers are connected to behavioral factors (Cancer Research UK, 2015).
Effective management of lifestyle risk factors could prevent 80% of cases of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes (WHO, 2015).

Health Behaviour Definition

Health behaviour refers to actions influencing health or mortality, which may be intentional or unintentional.
Health behaviours can be classified as either enhancing or compromising health.
Categories include:
- Risky behaviours (e.g., excessive drinking, smoking)
- Promoting/protective behaviours (e.g., healthy diet, physical activity)
- Illness-related behaviours (e.g., adherence to treatment)

Determinants of Health Behaviour

Understanding the complex drivers of behaviour is essential for effective change.
Influential psychological factors include cognitive elements, social influence, and reinforcement:
- Cognitive: beliefs and attitudes
- Social: observational learning and cultural factors
- Emotional: feelings related to health behaviour changes

Positive reinforcement from risky behaviours (peer acceptance, pleasure) can deter healthy choices.
Legislation and cultural norms affect behaviour through taxation (e.g., smoking) and criminalization (e.g., drugs).
Peer influence plays a critical role in shaping health behaviours.

Psychological Interventions

To change risky health behaviours, perceived severity and likelihood of health threats must be acknowledged.
Factors affecting behaviour change:
- Perceived costs/benefits and what might be stopping individuals from making changes.
- Assessment of perceived benefits is crucial (e.g., financial savings).

Case Study: Smoking Behaviour

Self-affirmation can foster greater acceptance of health information and increase intentions to quit smoking.
Questions assessing an individual's concern for health may impact their readiness to change.

Summary Points

Risky health behaviours adversely affect health outcomes.
Understanding determinants of health behaviours involves multiple disciplines and theories, including the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour.
Effective public health interventions should target perceived risks and deliver a clear action plan for individuals to follow.

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Description

This quiz explores the intricate relationships between genes, behaviour, and environment in the context of health. Participants will examine health-related behaviours, psychological theories, and interventions aimed at improving health outcomes. It's an essential resource for understanding how behaviour affects overall health and wellness.