Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of disease burden in England is attributed to preventable risk factors?
What percentage of disease burden in England is attributed to preventable risk factors?
- 50%
- 60%
- 40% (correct)
- 25%
Which condition is linked to the highest percentage of behaviour-related cases?
Which condition is linked to the highest percentage of behaviour-related cases?
- Diabetes
- Heart disease
- Cancers (correct)
- Stroke
What is the main focus of psychological theory in terms of health behaviours?
What is the main focus of psychological theory in terms of health behaviours?
- Monitoring and regulation
- Diagnosis and prognosis
- Evaluation and treatment
- Promotion and prevention (correct)
Which type of mortality is defined as deaths that can mainly be avoided through effective public health interventions?
Which type of mortality is defined as deaths that can mainly be avoided through effective public health interventions?
What percentage of cases of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes could potentially be avoided with proper lifestyle management?
What percentage of cases of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes could potentially be avoided with proper lifestyle management?
In the study by Khaw et al. (2008), which demographic was assessed for health behaviours?
In the study by Khaw et al. (2008), which demographic was assessed for health behaviours?
Average life expectancy can be notably improved by addressing which aspect?
Average life expectancy can be notably improved by addressing which aspect?
Avoidable mortality encompasses which types of deaths?
Avoidable mortality encompasses which types of deaths?
Which of the following best describes health behaviours?
Which of the following best describes health behaviours?
What is a key determinant of health behaviour according to psychological models?
What is a key determinant of health behaviour according to psychological models?
How do operant factors influence health behaviour?
How do operant factors influence health behaviour?
What role does observational learning play in health behaviour?
What role does observational learning play in health behaviour?
Which factor could be considered a cultural determinant of health behaviour?
Which factor could be considered a cultural determinant of health behaviour?
What is an example of a cognitive factor affecting health behaviour?
What is an example of a cognitive factor affecting health behaviour?
How can social pressure function as a determinant of health behaviour?
How can social pressure function as a determinant of health behaviour?
What tends to characterize unhealthy behaviours regarding their consequences?
What tends to characterize unhealthy behaviours regarding their consequences?
What is the term for actions taken by individuals that affect health or mortality?
What is the term for actions taken by individuals that affect health or mortality?
Which combination of health behaviours is associated with the highest mortality risk?
Which combination of health behaviours is associated with the highest mortality risk?
According to the content, what is the equivalent age difference in mortality risk for individuals with four unhealthy behaviours versus none?
According to the content, what is the equivalent age difference in mortality risk for individuals with four unhealthy behaviours versus none?
Which of the following behaviours is classified as compromising health behaviour?
Which of the following behaviours is classified as compromising health behaviour?
What aspect of health behaviours has changed over time according to evolving scientific knowledge?
What aspect of health behaviours has changed over time according to evolving scientific knowledge?
What type of health behaviour includes adherence to treatment and appointment attendance?
What type of health behaviour includes adherence to treatment and appointment attendance?
Which of these is NOT considered a promoting health behaviour?
Which of these is NOT considered a promoting health behaviour?
What category of health behaviours does smoking fall under?
What category of health behaviours does smoking fall under?
What aspect of behavior change does perceived severity primarily address?
What aspect of behavior change does perceived severity primarily address?
Which question best assesses a person's perceived susceptibility related to smoking?
Which question best assesses a person's perceived susceptibility related to smoking?
In the context of smoking cessation, what does perceived cost/barriers refer to?
In the context of smoking cessation, what does perceived cost/barriers refer to?
What is an example of a cue to action in the context of smoking cessation?
What is an example of a cue to action in the context of smoking cessation?
Which of the following reflects a person's perceived benefits of quitting smoking?
Which of the following reflects a person's perceived benefits of quitting smoking?
What is likely to be the focus of a perceived cost assessment regarding smoking cessation?
What is likely to be the focus of a perceived cost assessment regarding smoking cessation?
Which outcome is most likely associated with self-affirmation in the context of smoking behaviour?
Which outcome is most likely associated with self-affirmation in the context of smoking behaviour?
What does the Health Belief Model emphasize as a key predictor of behaviour change?
What does the Health Belief Model emphasize as a key predictor of behaviour change?
What is one proposed method to enhance the efficacy of population health interventions?
What is one proposed method to enhance the efficacy of population health interventions?
Which belief is likely to be the most significant in determining James' action towards changing his diet according to the Health Belief Model?
Which belief is likely to be the most significant in determining James' action towards changing his diet according to the Health Belief Model?
How can self-affirmation contribute to an individual's intention to quit smoking?
How can self-affirmation contribute to an individual's intention to quit smoking?
What overarching theory relates to the diverse determinants of health outcomes described?
What overarching theory relates to the diverse determinants of health outcomes described?
What role do perceived control beliefs play in health behaviour change?
What role do perceived control beliefs play in health behaviour change?
In which aspect is the Theory of Planned Behaviour primarily focused?
In which aspect is the Theory of Planned Behaviour primarily focused?
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Study Notes
Role of Behaviour on Health Outcomes
- Health outcomes can significantly be influenced by individual behaviors, impacting both preventable and treatable mortality.
- Preventable mortality links to deaths which can be avoided through effective public health measures.
- Treatable mortality pertains to deaths preventable via timely healthcare interventions.
- Avoidable mortality encompasses both preventable and treatable deaths.
- Nearly 40% of disease burden in England stems from preventable risk factors (NHS England, 2019).
- Around 38% of all cancers are connected to behavioral factors (Cancer Research UK, 2015).
- Effective management of lifestyle risk factors could prevent 80% of cases of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes (WHO, 2015).
Health Behaviour Definition
- Health behaviour refers to actions influencing health or mortality, which may be intentional or unintentional.
- Health behaviours can be classified as either enhancing or compromising health.
- Categories include:
- Risky behaviours (e.g., excessive drinking, smoking)
- Promoting/protective behaviours (e.g., healthy diet, physical activity)
- Illness-related behaviours (e.g., adherence to treatment)
Determinants of Health Behaviour
- Understanding the complex drivers of behaviour is essential for effective change.
- Influential psychological factors include cognitive elements, social influence, and reinforcement:
- Cognitive: beliefs and attitudes
- Social: observational learning and cultural factors
- Emotional: feelings related to health behaviour changes
Social and Cultural Influences
- Positive reinforcement from risky behaviours (peer acceptance, pleasure) can deter healthy choices.
- Legislation and cultural norms affect behaviour through taxation (e.g., smoking) and criminalization (e.g., drugs).
- Peer influence plays a critical role in shaping health behaviours.
Psychological Interventions
- To change risky health behaviours, perceived severity and likelihood of health threats must be acknowledged.
- Factors affecting behaviour change:
- Perceived costs/benefits and what might be stopping individuals from making changes.
- Assessment of perceived benefits is crucial (e.g., financial savings).
Case Study: Smoking Behaviour
- Self-affirmation can foster greater acceptance of health information and increase intentions to quit smoking.
- Questions assessing an individual's concern for health may impact their readiness to change.
Summary Points
- Risky health behaviours adversely affect health outcomes.
- Understanding determinants of health behaviours involves multiple disciplines and theories, including the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour.
- Effective public health interventions should target perceived risks and deliver a clear action plan for individuals to follow.
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