Genes, Behaviour and Environment 4MBBS103
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of disease burden in England is attributed to preventable risk factors?

  • 50%
  • 60%
  • 40% (correct)
  • 25%

    • Which condition is linked to the highest percentage of behaviour-related cases?

  • Diabetes
  • Heart disease
  • Cancers (correct)
  • Stroke

    • What is the main focus of psychological theory in terms of health behaviours?

  • Monitoring and regulation
  • Diagnosis and prognosis
  • Evaluation and treatment
  • Promotion and prevention (correct)

    • Which type of mortality is defined as deaths that can mainly be avoided through effective public health interventions?

    <p>Preventable mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes could potentially be avoided with proper lifestyle management?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the study by Khaw et al. (2008), which demographic was assessed for health behaviours?

    <p>Men and women aged 45-79 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Average life expectancy can be notably improved by addressing which aspect?

    <p>Health behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Avoidable mortality encompasses which types of deaths?

    <p>Deaths from treatable and preventable causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes health behaviours?

    <p>They can be independent of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key determinant of health behaviour according to psychological models?

    <p>Reinforcement and emotional factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do operant factors influence health behaviour?

    <p>They offer immediate positive reinforcement for risky behaviours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does observational learning play in health behaviour?

    <p>It encourages the development of both positive and negative behaviours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could be considered a cultural determinant of health behaviour?

    <p>Government taxation on smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a cognitive factor affecting health behaviour?

    <p>Personal attitudes towards exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can social pressure function as a determinant of health behaviour?

    <p>It can either reinforce or undermine behaviours depending on peer groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tends to characterize unhealthy behaviours regarding their consequences?

    <p>They provide immediate positive reinforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for actions taken by individuals that affect health or mortality?

    <p>Health behaviour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of health behaviours is associated with the highest mortality risk?

    <p>All four risky health behaviours listed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the equivalent age difference in mortality risk for individuals with four unhealthy behaviours versus none?

    <p>14 years younger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviours is classified as compromising health behaviour?

    <p>Engaging in excessive alcohol consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of health behaviours has changed over time according to evolving scientific knowledge?

    <p>The recommended quantity of fruit and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of health behaviour includes adherence to treatment and appointment attendance?

    <p>Illness-related behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT considered a promoting health behaviour?

    <p>Engaging in excessive smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of health behaviours does smoking fall under?

    <p>Risky behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of behavior change does perceived severity primarily address?

    <p>The emotional response to potential consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question best assesses a person's perceived susceptibility related to smoking?

    <p>How do you think smoking will affect your health in 10 years?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of smoking cessation, what does perceived cost/barriers refer to?

    <p>The anticipated discomfort of withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a cue to action in the context of smoking cessation?

    <p>Receiving advice from a healthcare professional on quitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a person's perceived benefits of quitting smoking?

    <p>The potential for improved social relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to be the focus of a perceived cost assessment regarding smoking cessation?

    <p>The discomfort from potential withdrawal symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is most likely associated with self-affirmation in the context of smoking behaviour?

    <p>Greater acceptance of anti-smoking information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Health Belief Model emphasize as a key predictor of behaviour change?

    <p>Perceived severity of the medical problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one proposed method to enhance the efficacy of population health interventions?

    <p>Target perceived risk and encourage motivation to act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief is likely to be the most significant in determining James' action towards changing his diet according to the Health Belief Model?

    <p>Necessity beliefs regarding medical advice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can self-affirmation contribute to an individual's intention to quit smoking?

    <p>By enhancing self-worth and reducing defensiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What overarching theory relates to the diverse determinants of health outcomes described?

    <p>Health Belief Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do perceived control beliefs play in health behaviour change?

    <p>They support the belief that behaviour change is possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which aspect is the Theory of Planned Behaviour primarily focused?

    <p>Intentions as mediators of behaviour change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Role of Behaviour on Health Outcomes

    • Health outcomes can significantly be influenced by individual behaviors, impacting both preventable and treatable mortality.
    • Preventable mortality links to deaths which can be avoided through effective public health measures.
    • Treatable mortality pertains to deaths preventable via timely healthcare interventions.
    • Avoidable mortality encompasses both preventable and treatable deaths.
    • Nearly 40% of disease burden in England stems from preventable risk factors (NHS England, 2019).
    • Around 38% of all cancers are connected to behavioral factors (Cancer Research UK, 2015).
    • Effective management of lifestyle risk factors could prevent 80% of cases of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes (WHO, 2015).

    Health Behaviour Definition

    • Health behaviour refers to actions influencing health or mortality, which may be intentional or unintentional.
    • Health behaviours can be classified as either enhancing or compromising health.
    • Categories include:
      • Risky behaviours (e.g., excessive drinking, smoking)
      • Promoting/protective behaviours (e.g., healthy diet, physical activity)
      • Illness-related behaviours (e.g., adherence to treatment)

    Determinants of Health Behaviour

    • Understanding the complex drivers of behaviour is essential for effective change.
    • Influential psychological factors include cognitive elements, social influence, and reinforcement:
      • Cognitive: beliefs and attitudes
      • Social: observational learning and cultural factors
      • Emotional: feelings related to health behaviour changes

    Social and Cultural Influences

    • Positive reinforcement from risky behaviours (peer acceptance, pleasure) can deter healthy choices.
    • Legislation and cultural norms affect behaviour through taxation (e.g., smoking) and criminalization (e.g., drugs).
    • Peer influence plays a critical role in shaping health behaviours.

    Psychological Interventions

    • To change risky health behaviours, perceived severity and likelihood of health threats must be acknowledged.
    • Factors affecting behaviour change:
      • Perceived costs/benefits and what might be stopping individuals from making changes.
      • Assessment of perceived benefits is crucial (e.g., financial savings).

    Case Study: Smoking Behaviour

    • Self-affirmation can foster greater acceptance of health information and increase intentions to quit smoking.
    • Questions assessing an individual's concern for health may impact their readiness to change.

    Summary Points

    • Risky health behaviours adversely affect health outcomes.
    • Understanding determinants of health behaviours involves multiple disciplines and theories, including the Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behaviour.
    • Effective public health interventions should target perceived risks and deliver a clear action plan for individuals to follow.

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    Health Related Behaviours, Beliefs and Attitudes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the intricate relationships between genes, behaviour, and environment in the context of health. Participants will examine health-related behaviours, psychological theories, and interventions aimed at improving health outcomes. It's an essential resource for understanding how behaviour affects overall health and wellness.

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