Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is NOT a classification criterion for genes?
What is NOT a classification criterion for genes?
What term is used for genes that arise from gene duplication within a species?
What term is used for genes that arise from gene duplication within a species?
Housekeeping genes are characterized by their:
Housekeeping genes are characterized by their:
What is a pseudogene?
What is a pseudogene?
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Which of the following is true about gene families?
Which of the following is true about gene families?
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Which type of gene is expressed in response to specific stimuli?
Which type of gene is expressed in response to specific stimuli?
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What does the term 'orthologs' refer to?
What does the term 'orthologs' refer to?
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What typically happens to genetic information during cell division?
What typically happens to genetic information during cell division?
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What happens to cells that suffer serious damage due to errors?
What happens to cells that suffer serious damage due to errors?
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What determines if selectively neutral changes will be perpetuated?
What determines if selectively neutral changes will be perpetuated?
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What is a possible outcome of intragenic mutation?
What is a possible outcome of intragenic mutation?
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Which type of genes is likely to remain highly conserved throughout evolution?
Which type of genes is likely to remain highly conserved throughout evolution?
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What has been used to classify living organisms into three domains?
What has been used to classify living organisms into three domains?
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Which process allows for the formation of hybrid genes?
Which process allows for the formation of hybrid genes?
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How do changes in non-coding segments of DNA affect evolutionary processes?
How do changes in non-coding segments of DNA affect evolutionary processes?
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What does horizontal transfer of DNA involve?
What does horizontal transfer of DNA involve?
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What is the primary effect of mutation and natural selection in the process of evolution?
What is the primary effect of mutation and natural selection in the process of evolution?
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How are gene duplications significant in evolution?
How are gene duplications significant in evolution?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the evolution of genomes?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the evolution of genomes?
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Which of the following statements is true about the genetic sequences from different organisms?
Which of the following statements is true about the genetic sequences from different organisms?
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What role does 16S RNA play in understanding the tree of life?
What role does 16S RNA play in understanding the tree of life?
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What best describes the raw material of evolution?
What best describes the raw material of evolution?
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What happens during the process of gene duplication?
What happens during the process of gene duplication?
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What is a potential consequence of segment shuffling?
What is a potential consequence of segment shuffling?
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What occurs when a gene is duplicated within a single genome?
What occurs when a gene is duplicated within a single genome?
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Which term describes genes in two separate species that derive from the same ancestral gene?
Which term describes genes in two separate species that derive from the same ancestral gene?
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What is the primary outcome of repeated duplication and divergence of genes over millions of years?
What is the primary outcome of repeated duplication and divergence of genes over millions of years?
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What are the two types of homologous genes based on different evolutionary pathways?
What are the two types of homologous genes based on different evolutionary pathways?
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In Bacillus subtilis, what percentage of genes has one or more relatives?
In Bacillus subtilis, what percentage of genes has one or more relatives?
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What is suggested about genes that are derived from gene duplications within a single genome?
What is suggested about genes that are derived from gene duplications within a single genome?
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What simplifies the task of deciphering gene functions?
What simplifies the task of deciphering gene functions?
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What distinguishes genetic divergence that occurs when one species splits into two?
What distinguishes genetic divergence that occurs when one species splits into two?
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What percentage of the genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis were recognized as homologs of known genes in other species?
What percentage of the genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis were recognized as homologs of known genes in other species?
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Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis difficult to study experimentally?
Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis difficult to study experimentally?
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What does the presence of a large number of genes coding for lipid synthesis and degradation in M.tuberculosis suggest?
What does the presence of a large number of genes coding for lipid synthesis and degradation in M.tuberculosis suggest?
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What portion of the genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis was totally unfamiliar upon sequencing?
What portion of the genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis was totally unfamiliar upon sequencing?
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What aspect of comparative genomics allows researchers to infer the functions of genes in less-studied organisms?
What aspect of comparative genomics allows researchers to infer the functions of genes in less-studied organisms?
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Which of the following is NOT true about the DNA sequencing of M.tuberculosis?
Which of the following is NOT true about the DNA sequencing of M.tuberculosis?
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What characteristic is shared by more than 200 gene families across the three primary branches of life?
What characteristic is shared by more than 200 gene families across the three primary branches of life?
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What type of sequences are found to be similar among about half of the genes in M.tuberculosis?
What type of sequences are found to be similar among about half of the genes in M.tuberculosis?
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Study Notes
Genes and their Classification
- Genes are classified based on different criteria: function, inheritance, expression, evolutionary conservation, location, and role in disease.
Gene Function Classification
- Structural genes: Code for proteins.
- Regulatory genes: Control gene expression.
- Non-coding genes: Do not code for proteins but have other regulatory functions.
- Pseudogenes: Non-functional copies of genes.
Gene Inheritance Classification
- Autosomal genes: Located on autosomes (non-sex chromosomes).
- Sex-linked genes: Located on sex chromosomes.
Gene Expression Classification
- Housekeeping genes: Expressed constitutively in all cell types.
- Tissue-specific genes: Expressed only in specific tissues.
- Inducible genes: Expressed in response to specific stimuli.
Evolution of Genes
- Some genes evolve rapidly: Genes with no significant regulatory role can change quickly.
- Some genes are highly conserved: Genes coding for essential proteins or RNA molecules are more resistant to changes due to their critical functions. Highly conserved genes are crucial for tracing evolutionary relationships between distantly related organisms.
- New genes emerge from pre-existing genes:
- Intragenic mutation: Existing genes can be modified by alterations in their DNA sequence.
- Gene duplication: An existing gene is replicated creating a pair of similar genes.
- Segment shuffling: Existing genes are broken and rejoined to create a hybrid gene consisting of DNA segments from different genes.
- Horizontal transfer: DNA segments are transferred from one cell to another, even across species.
Gene Duplication
- Gene duplication leads to the creation of families of related genes within a cell.
- One copy of a gene can mutate and become specialized while the other maintains its original function.
- Repeated rounds of duplication and divergence form families of related genes.
Evolution of Gene Families
- Duplicated genes can diverge in function, becoming paralogs.
- Genes with similar functions arising from a common ancestor in different species are called orthologs.
- The term homologs refers to genes related by descent, encompassing both paralogs and orthologs.
Gene Function Deduction
- The function of a newly discovered gene can often be deduced by comparing its sequence to known gene sequences.
- Homologous genes are likely to have similar functions, allowing scientists to infer the function of newly discovered genes.
Comparative Genomics: Example of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Sequencing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome identified 4,000 genes, of which 40% were immediately recognizable homologs with known functions.
- Analysis revealed a large number of genes involved in lipid synthesis and degradation, likely contributing to the bacterium's unique outer coat and evasion of the immune system.
Universal Genetic Inheritance
- Analysis of complete genome sequences revealed more than 200 gene families shared by all three primary branches of life: archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes.
- This reflects the common ancestry of all living organisms and the conservation of crucial genetic information over billions of years.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of genes and their classification in this quiz. Learn about different types of genes based on function, inheritance, expression, and evolutionary aspects. Test your knowledge on structural, regulatory, and non-coding genes, among others.
