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Plasma Membrane

The boundary between the interior of the cell and the extracellular environment, controlling what enters and exits.

Fluid Mosaic Model

The plasma membrane is a flexible layer made of lipids and proteins that float in or on the fluid lipid bilayer.

Phospholipid Bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that form the basic structure of the cell membrane.

Transport Proteins

Proteins that assist in moving substances across a cell membrane.

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Selective Permeability

The ability of the plasma membrane to allow certain substances to pass while blocking others.

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Passive Transport

Movement of substances across a membrane without energy (ATP) input, following concentration gradient.

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Facilitated Diffusion

A type of passive transport where molecules pass through a membrane via transport proteins.

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Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

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Aquaporins

Specialized proteins that facilitate the transport of water across cell membranes.

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Tonicity

The ability of a solution to affect the tone or shape of cells due to water movement.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solute than the cell, causing the cell to lose water.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solute than the cell, causing the cell to gain water.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal concentrations of solute inside and outside, causing no net movement of water.

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Active Transport

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

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Endocytosis

The process by which cells engulf materials from the outside environment.

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Exocytosis

The process by which cells expel materials into the outside environment.

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Prokaryotic Cells

Simple, unicellular organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryotic Cells

Complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, encompassing plants and animals.

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Nucleus

The cell's control center, containing DNA and managing cellular activity.

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Ribosomes

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins based on RNA instructions.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An extensive network of membranes involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

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Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion.

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Lysosomes

Membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes for digestion.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, converting food into energy (ATP) through respiration.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles in plant cells that convert sunlight into chemical energy via photosynthesis.

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Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that provides structural support and shape to the cell.

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Cell Junctions

Specialized structures that connect cells to each other and their environment.

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Extracellular Matrix

A network of proteins and carbohydrates outside the cell that provides structural support.

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