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Questions and Answers

What is the first stage in Erik Erikson's theory of personality development?

  • Intimacy vs Isolation
  • Autonomy vs Shame/doubt
  • Identity vs confusion
  • Trust vs Mistrust (correct)

Which stage of Erikson's theory occurs during adolescence?

  • Generativity vs Self-absorption
  • Identity vs confusion (correct)
  • Initiative vs Guilt
  • Industry vs Inferiority

What is the key psychosocial crisis in the second stage of Erikson's theory?

  • Trust vs Mistrust
  • Integrity vs Despair
  • Autonomy vs Shame/doubt (correct)
  • Intimacy vs Isolation

Which of the following stages is associated with the psychological conflict of Generativity?

<p>Middle adulthood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, how many major stages are there?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the stage of Industry vs Inferiority primarily concern?

<p>Self-esteem and academic skills (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in Erikson's theory focuses on the challenge of Intimacy?

<p>Early adulthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychosocial crisis faced during the stage of Integrity vs Despair?

<p>Reflection on life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is animism in the context of the preoperational stage?

<p>Attributing life-like qualities to inanimate objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by anxiety upon separation from caregivers?

<p>Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do early emotional attachments develop in infants?

<p>Through social interactions and time spent with caregivers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attachment is associated with children who prefer more separation from caregivers?

<p>Avoidant Attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Through what means do emotions evolve in children as they grow?

<p>Social experiences and biological maturation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'lack of conservation' refer to in the preoperational stage?

<p>Inability to recognize that properties remain constant despite changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional response is typical for infants during early development?

<p>Basic responses to pleasure and distress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vygotsky’s theory differs from stage theories in that it emphasizes what aspect of development?

<p>Influence of social interactions and continuous development (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the mother's symptoms during pregnancy and the potential damage to the fetus?

<p>The severity of the mother's symptoms cannot be used to predict fetal damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential risks are associated with drinking alcohol during pregnancy?

<p>It may lead to organ development issues and birth defects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does physical growth during the first year after birth compare to physical growth before birth?

<p>Infants grow at a rapid pace, typically 50% bigger by their first birthday. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is recommended for obese women during pregnancy regarding diet?

<p>Moderately increasing nutrients without explicit dieting is suggested. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the toddler years regarding physical development?

<p>There is a gradual continuation of rapid growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor regarding the developmental differences between boys and girls?

<p>Girls generally develop ahead of boys by about 1-2 years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it more useful to provide 'median ages' for motor milestones rather than 'mean ages'?

<p>Median ages account for outliers that skew data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what stage are significant motor milestones, such as walking without assistance, expected to begin?

<p>Rolling over, sitting up, and walking typically occur in early toddler years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of attachment is likely to develop from consistent and nurturing responses from caregivers?

<p>Secure attachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines receptive vocabulary in children?

<p>The words a child can understand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do babies typically start engaging in cooing as a form of communication?

<p>4-6 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes telegraphic speech in language development?

<p>Using only essential words to convey meaning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of underextension in language development?

<p>Using 'car' only to refer to a family vehicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the impact of early attachments on later relationships?

<p>They serve as a model for future trust and intimacy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is fast mapping in the context of vocabulary development?

<p>An ability to connect new words to meanings quickly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes the stage of babbling in infants?

<p>Forming repetitive consonant-vowel combinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of adolescence regarding personal growth?

<p>It is a manageable growth period for many individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does parenthood commonly have on marriages?

<p>It may shift responsibilities and increase stress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term describing the relief felt by parents when their children move out?

<p>Empty nest syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kubler Ross, what is the last step in the five-step process of dealing with end-of-life experiences?

<p>Acceptance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a living will primarily used for?

<p>To outline personal preferences for medical procedures when incapacitated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Mischel and Buss define personality?

<p>A unique set of consistent behavioral traits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before the COVID pandemic, what were the leading causes of death?

<p>Cardiovascular diseases and cancer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does personality explain in human behavior according to the content?

<p>The stability and variability in behaviors over time and situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious?

<p>Repression (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism involves diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target?

<p>Displacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of projection involve?

<p>Attributing one's own feelings to others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates reaction formation?

<p>A woman acting overly friendly to a boss she dislikes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism is illustrated when a student claims additional study wouldn't help instead of studying?

<p>Rationalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What central concept did Adler emphasize in his theories of personality development?

<p>Striving for superiority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents Jung's contribution to personality development?

<p>Collective unconscious and archetypes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Erikson's view on the factors involved in personality development?

<p>Social relationships and psychosocial crises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A condition caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy, leading to developmental issues and birth defects in the child.

Maternal symptoms vs. fetal damage

The severity of a pregnant woman's symptoms does not predict the extent of damage to the developing fetus.

Fetal development & stages

The level of damage to the fetus depends on factors such as the stage of pregnancy and exposure to drugs/medication

Alcohol in pregnancy

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause developmental problems in the child and birth defects.

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Postnatal physical development

Physical development after birth, including growth spurts and motor skills during toddler years.

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Growth spurt & sexual development

Rapid growth during childhood often correlates with the onset of sexual development.

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Sex differences in growth

Girls typically develop physically and sexually faster than boys in the early stages

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Motor milestones (median ages)

The typical ages for achieving motor skills like rolling, sitting, and walking, focusing on typical times, rather than the average.

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Erikson's Theory

Personality develops through 8 stages of psychosocial crises, where successful resolution leads to healthy development.

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Psychosocial Crisis

A turning point in personality development where an individual must choose between positive and negative outcomes.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

(First year): Babies develop trust if their needs are met and feel safe; otherwise, mistrust develops.

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Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

(2-3 years): Children develop independence. If praised, they feel autonomous and capable; otherwise, shame and doubt arise.

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Piaget's Theory

Cognitive development occurs through interactions with the environment, progressing through 4 stages.

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Cognitive Development

The process of acquiring knowledge and understanding of the world, emphasized in Piaget's theory.

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Stage Theory

Both Erikson and Piaget describe development in distinct, sequential stages.

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8 stages

Erikson's theory describes 8 stages of psychosocial development where each stage involves a crisis that must be resolved to allow growth.

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Animism (Preoperational Stage)

Attributing life-like qualities to inanimate objects.

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Lack of Conservation (Preoperational Stage)

Inability to understand certain properties remain constant despite changes in appearance.

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Vygotsky's theory

Continuous development heavily influenced by social interactions, not stages.

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Early Emotional Attachments

Gradually formed bonds between infants and caregivers, based on security and nurturing.

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Secure Attachment

Infants easily comforted by caregivers; feeling safe and secure.

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Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

Infants experience anxiety when separated from caregivers; clingy and difficult to soothe when distressed.

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Avoidant Attachment

Infants seek separation from caregivers, even when distressed.

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Emotional Development (Infancy)

Starts with basic responses (pleasure, distress, interest) and becomes more complex due to social interactions and biological growth.

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Infant Attachment

The emotional bond formed between an infant and caregiver, influencing later relationships.

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Attachment Styles

Different patterns of emotional attachment, influenced by caregiver responsiveness.

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Overregularization (language)

Applying grammatical rules to irregular words (e.g., 'goed' instead of 'went').

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Overextension (language)

Using a word to describe a wider range of objects or actions than it actually represents.

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Underextension (language)

Restricting a word's meaning to only one specific object, not its wider range.

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Telegraphic Speech

Early sentence formation using only essential words, much like a telegram.

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Repression

Unconsciously pushing distressing thoughts and feelings out of awareness.

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Receptive Vocabulary

Words a child understands but cannot yet say.

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Productive Vocabulary

Words a child can use in speech.

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Projection

Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another person.

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Displacement

Redirecting emotional feelings (often anger) to a less threatening target.

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Reaction Formation

Behaving in a way that is opposite to one's true feelings.

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Regression

Reverting to immature behaviors in response to stress.

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Rationalization

Creating plausible but false excuses to justify unacceptable behavior.

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Identification

Strengthening self-esteem by associating with a person or group.

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Adler's Theory of Personality

Strive for superiority; overcome inferiority to develop abilities.

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Adolescence Turmoil

While some teenagers experience emotional/hormonal challenges during adolescence, it's not universally considered a period of turmoil, but rather a manageable growth period.

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Identity Search

Finding one's identity is a lifelong journey, not just limited to adolescence.

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Marriage Transition

Realistic expectations and a lack of optimism can make marriage transitions easier.

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Parenthood and Marriage

Parenthood can put stress on marriages as responsibilities and priorities shift, though it can also be joyful.

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Empty Nest Syndrome

While empty nest syndrome exists, it's less common than previously thought, and parents are often relieved when children move out.

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Death as a Unique Experience

Death is a unique and complex experience, often considered a taboo topic.

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Kubler-Ross Stages

Kubler-Ross describes a 5-stage process during end-of-life: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

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Personality Definition

Personality is a set of consistent behavioral traits that are unique to a person, and explains the stability of behavior over time and across different situations.

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Study Notes

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This quiz is designed to help you review general knowledge across various topics. Engage with questions that encourage critical thinking and reinforce your understanding of key concepts. Perfect for students looking to test their overall knowledge retention.

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