General Study Quiz

The period in history marked by significant technological advancements, particularly in the mechanization of production, leading to the rise of factories and a shift from human and animal power to steam power.

A concept introduced by Jean De Vries, referring to a gradual increase in prosperity through the reorganization of labor, resources, and demand, without relying on rapid industrialization.

A central concept in the study of the Industrial Revolution, emphasizing the concentration of workers and machines in a single location, often with the machine dictating the pace of work.

The network of treaties, institutions, and practices established after the Napoleonic Wars, aimed at maintaining peace and stability in Europe.

A system of governing based on cooperation and diplomacy among the great powers, involving international conferences and negotiations to resolve conflict.

A set of revolutionary movements that occurred in Europe in the 1820s, often challenging absolute monarchies and leading to the establishment of constitutions and a more liberal order.

A series of revolutions in Europe in the 1830s, marked by a shift toward liberal regimes in some parts of Europe and the emergence of worker-based political movements.

Revolutionary movements that swept across Europe in 1848, driven by political, social, and economic grievances. They challenged the Vienna System and led to calls for constitutions, civil rights, and national unification.

A historical term used to describe the complex process of Italian unification, encompassing political, economic, social, and cultural transformations.

The concept of a nation as a product of a shared will, cultural identity, and a conscious choice to belong to a collective. Key figures associated with this concept include Rousseau.

The view of a nation as a natural entity, characterized by shared language, religion, ethnicity, territory, and history. This view often emphasizes a sense of inherent belonging to a group.

The idea that a nation's will to exist should be tested through a periodic plebiscite, which allows individuals to reaffirm their membership and consent to be governed as a collective.

The concept of a nation as a cultural and spiritual unity, with a shared territory, language, history, and traditions. This perspective emphasizes cultural coherence as a defining element of a nation.

A state whose borders coincide with the geographical territory of a particular national community. It is a concept that emerged during the 19th century.

The principle of nationality, asserting that individuals belonging to a particular nation have the right to political self-determination and create their own independent states.

The birth of the modern working class as a distinct social group, characterized by their dependence on wage labor and their common experience of exploitation.

The movement for Italian unification, spanning from the late 18th century to the 19th century, marked by political upheaval, social changes, and ultimately the emergence of the Kingdom of Italy.

The process that led to German unification under Prussian leadership in the late 19th century, characterized by economic growth, military power, and the rise of a new German Empire.

The First Italian War of Independence (1848-49) was a series of uprisings and battles against Austrian rule in Northern Italy, which ultimately failed to achieve full independence.

The Second Italian War of Independence (1859-1860) saw a coalition of French and Piedmontese forces defeat Austria, leading to the cession of Lombardy and the emergence of a new Kingdom of Italy.

The Third Italian War of Independence (1866-1870) saw Italy gain control of the Veneto region after its alliance with Prussia against Austria.

The policy or practice of extending a nation's power and influence through territorial expansion, economic control, or political domination.

The era from 1884 to 1914 marked by intense European competition for colonies in Africa, often characterized by partitioning the continent into protectorates, colonies, and free trade areas.

A territory whose sovereignty is controlled by a foreign state, often with a distinct legal system that disadvantages indigenous populations.

A system where a weaker state receives protection from a stronger state, while the stronger state exercises some degree of influence over the weaker state's internal and foreign affairs.

A set of ideas and theories that justify imperialism, often based on concepts of racial superiority, Social Darwinism, and the belief in a civilizing mission for European nations.

The concept of a nation as a collective group, sharing a common identity, history, and territory. This idea, popular during the 19th century, often emphasized shared cultural elements and a sense of belonging.

A political ideology that advocates for the creation of a classless society through the elimination of private property and the collective ownership of the means of production.

A social movement advocating for a gradual, incremental change in society through the implementation of reforms aimed at improving the living and working conditions of the working class.

A social movement rooted in the belief that the state is inherently oppressive and advocating for a stateless society where all individuals have equal rights and resources are shared communally.

A form of socialist movement that promotes the use of labor unions, the general strike as a means of achieving social change, and the eventual abolition of capitalism.

A period of global conflict that began in 1914, involving European powers and later extending to other parts of the world. It marked the end of the European Concert and the beginning of a new era of global power dynamics.