General Study Preparation

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What were some key innovations of the Agricultural Revolution that supported the Enlightenment?

Key innovations included crop rotation, selective breeding of livestock, advanced tools, and mechanized planting.

How did John Locke's philosophy of natural rights influence modern governance?

Locke's philosophy emphasized inherent rights to life, liberty, and property, advocating that governments must protect these rights.

In what way did Locke's views influence the American Revolution?

Locke's ideas on natural rights and government accountability significantly influenced the Declaration of Independence and justified rebellion against tyranny.

What is 'Enlightened Despotism' and identify one ruler associated with it?

'Enlightened Despotism' refers to absolute rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas, such as Frederick the Great. Signup and view all the answers

What reforms did Frederick the Great implement to reflect Enlightenment values?

Frederick abolished judicial torture and promoted religious tolerance as key reforms. Signup and view all the answers

How did Catherine the Great embody Enlightenment principles during her reign?

Catherine the Great corresponded with Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire and reformed education in Russia. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Agricultural Revolution on labor dynamics in Europe?

The Agricultural Revolution created surplus food, allowing laborers to move to cities, facilitating urbanization and economic shifts. Signup and view all the answers

What role did the concept of the social contract play in Locke's philosophy?

The social contract theory posits that legitimate political authority derives from the consent of the governed. Signup and view all the answers

What did Rousseau believe about the nature of man and the role of government?

Rousseau believed that society corrupts the natural goodness of man, and that a government should exist only to serve the collective will. Signup and view all the answers

How did Rousseau's idea of popular sovereignty influence revolutionary movements?

His idea of popular sovereignty influenced revolutionary movements by advocating for government based on the collective will of the people, particularly during the French Revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What is Deism and how does it reflect Enlightenment attitudes toward religion?

Deism is a belief that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to understand God, rejecting organized religion and clergy authority. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main ideas presented by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations?

Adam Smith argued for laissez-faire economics, where individual self-interest in a free market benefits society, promoting free trade and limited government intervention. Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Adam Smith introduce to explain market dynamics?

He introduced the concept of the 'invisible hand', where individuals’ pursuit of self-interest leads to societal benefits. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features of Neoclassicism in art?

Neoclassicism emphasizes simplicity, symmetry, and moral themes, seeking to revive classical art and architecture from ancient Greece and Rome. Signup and view all the answers

How does Neoclassicism differ from Rococo art?

Neoclassicism contrasts with Rococo by rejecting excessive ornamentation in favor of classical simplicity and moral seriousness. Signup and view all the answers

What themes did Neoclassical artists like Jacques-Louis David commonly celebrate?

Neoclassical artists celebrated themes of virtue, heroism, and civic duty in their works. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Third Estate breaking away to form the National Assembly?

It marked the beginning of the French Revolution by asserting the political rights of the common people and challenging the existing power structures. Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental rights were outlined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?

The Declaration emphasized rights such as freedom of speech, the right to property, presumption of innocence, and equality before the law. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Estates-General contribute to the outbreak of the French Revolution?

The convening of the Estates-General exposed the inequalities in French society and highlighted the financial crisis, prompting the Third Estate to seek greater political power. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Mirabeau, and what was his stance during the French Revolution?

Mirabeau was a key figure in the National Assembly who advocated for a constitutional monarchy while supporting the Third Estate’s rights. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen inspire other movements?

The Declaration influenced revolutionary movements and democratic constitutions around the world, promoting the ideas of equality and natural rights. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Enlightenment ideals play in the formation of the National Assembly?

Enlightenment ideals provided the philosophical foundation that justified the Third Estate's break from traditional power and sought a government based on popular sovereignty. Signup and view all the answers

What were some challenges faced by the National Assembly in pushing for reforms?

The National Assembly encountered opposition from King Louis XVI and traditional power structures, complicating their efforts toward establishing a constitutional monarchy. Signup and view all the answers

How did the formation of the National Assembly reflect a change in political power in France?

The National Assembly represented a shift of political power from the monarchy and nobility to the common people, asserting their role in governance. Signup and view all the answers

What significant actions did the National Assembly take during its formation in 1789?

The National Assembly abolished feudal privileges and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Code Napoleon influence legal systems outside France?

The Code Napoleon influenced many countries by promoting equality before the law and shaping civil law traditions globally. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Maximilien Robespierre, and what principle guided his actions during the Reign of Terror?

Maximilien Robespierre was a prominent leader of the Jacobins who believed that terror was necessary to defend the revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the National Assembly's declaration of legitimacy?

The declaration led to the establishment of the First French Republic and the collapse of the absolute monarchy. Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Tennis Court Oath play in the early French Revolution?

The Tennis Court Oath symbolized the Third Estate's commitment to creating a new constitution and asserting their authority. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did the Code Napoleon reflect Enlightenment principles?

The Code emphasized legal equality, protection of property rights, and secularized legal processes. Signup and view all the answers

What was Robespierre’s vision for the Revolution, and how did it affect his leadership?

Robespierre envisioned a society preserved through terror, which led to increased authoritarianism in his leadership. Signup and view all the answers

What lasting impacts did the abolition of feudal privileges by the National Assembly have on France?

Abolishing feudal privileges established legal equality and helped dismantle the old social order. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary belief of Adam Smith regarding market regulation?

Adam Smith believed that markets should regulate themselves without government interference. Signup and view all the answers

How did John Locke influence modern democracy?

John Locke advocated for natural rights and the social contract, influencing the development of modern democratic principles. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Frederick II of Prussia play in the arts during the Enlightenment?

Frederick II of Prussia encouraged music and was a patron of composers like Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach. Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen share similarities?

Both documents emphasized ideals of liberty and equality and were influenced by Enlightenment principles. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of art and music under enlightened rulers like Catherine the Great?

Art and music flourished under enlightened rulers as they used them to enhance their legitimacy and embody Enlightenment ideals. Signup and view all the answers

What consequences did Napoleon face as a result of his failed invasion of Russia in 1812?

Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia in 1812 led to the decimation of his army, significantly weakening his military power. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major contributions of Baron de Montesquieu to political philosophy?

Baron de Montesquieu proposed the separation of powers in government, influencing constitutional design. Signup and view all the answers

How did Voltaire's philosophy contribute to societal change during the Enlightenment?

Voltaire criticized religious intolerance and absolutism, promoting freedom of speech and secularism. Signup and view all the answers

How did salons contribute to the Enlightenment during the 18th century?

Salons provided a space for intellectuals to discuss and exchange revolutionary ideas, challenging the established order and promoting concepts like liberty and equality. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main themes celebrated by Neoclassical artists inspired by Enlightenment thought?

Neoclassical artists celebrated themes of reason, heroism, and moral virtue. Signup and view all the answers

What was one major reason for King Louis XVI's unpopularity that contributed to the French Revolution?

King Louis XVI's extravagant spending and indecisiveness, particularly in tax reforms, alienated both the nobility and the common people. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Estates-General convened in 1789?

The convening of the Estates-General was significant because it highlighted the financial crisis and ultimately led to the formation of the National Assembly. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Storming of the Bastille considered a symbol of revolutionary change?

The Storming of the Bastille symbolized the end of the king’s absolute power and the triumph of the people's revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What role did key figures like Voltaire and Rousseau play in the salons?

Voltaire and Rousseau participated in salons, contributing to debates that challenged the existing political and religious structures. Signup and view all the answers

How did Louis XVI’s attempted reforms during the financial crisis lead to his downfall?

Louis XVI's failed attempts to reform the taxation system alienated various social classes and failed to alleviate the financial crisis. Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the Storming of the Bastille have on the perception of the monarchy?

The Storming of the Bastille shifted public perception against the monarchy, casting Louis XVI as a tyrant and solidifying revolutionary sentiments. Signup and view all the answers

Agricultural Revolution (Enlightenment)

Innovations in farming increased food production, reducing labor costs & supporting population growth and urbanization during the Enlightenment.

Locke's Natural Rights

The belief that all people have inherent rights to life, liberty, and property, which governments should protect.