General Study Notes Quiz

The complete set of DNA instructions for an organism.

Changes in the sequence of DNA within a gene.

Any chromosome that is not a sex (X or Y) chromosome.

The organized visual display of chromosomes in a cell, used to identify abnormalities.

A segment of DNA that contains instructions for a specific trait.

Different versions of a gene that can result in different traits.

Two chromosomes that share the same genes but may have different alleles.

The biological process of creating new organisms from two parents, resulting in offspring with genetic variation.

Change in allele frequencies in a population due to random events like the founder effect or bottleneck effect.

The process of evolution focused on changes in allele frequencies in a population within a relatively short time.

A type of natural selection where the extreme phenotype (the uncommon trait) is favored, leading to an increase in individuals with that trait.

A type of natural selection where both extreme phenotypes are favored, leading to a decrease in individuals with the average phenotype.

A type of natural selection that occurs due to competition for mates and female choice.

A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.

The process of the formation of a new species from an existing one, usually due to reproductive isolation.

A type of reproductive isolation that prevents mating due to differences in mating behavior, signals, or preferences.

A branch of biology that deals with naming and classifying organisms.

A concept used to classify species based on their physical characteristics.

A concept used to classify species based on their ability to interbreed.

A concept used to classify species based on their evolutionary history.

A two-part name used to classify species.

The scientific name for a species, made up of two parts: the genus name and the specific epithet.

The more recent a common ancestor that two species share, the more closely related they are.

Scientists use evidence like fossil records, DNA sequences, and anatomical similarities to determine how closely related species are.

Groups or clusters of bacteria or archaea.

A process unique to Archaea that creates energy for the organism, producing methane (CH4) as a byproduct.

A process used by certain bacteria to convert sunlight into energy, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

Bacteria that perform photosynthesis, responsible for producing oxygen in the early Earth's atmosphere.

Round or spherical-shaped bacteria that can form chains known as Streptococcus.

Rod-shaped bacteria that can form chains known as Streptobacillus.

Spiral-shaped bacteria, less common than cocci and bacilli.

A process where a single cell duplicates its DNA, divides at a septum, and produces two identical daughter cells.

A specialized muscle tissue found only in the heart, capable of rhythmically contracting and relaxing without fatigue.

The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body and lungs.

The two lower chambers of the heart that pump blood to the body and lungs.

A wall that separates the heart's chambers, ensuring blood flows in the correct direction.

Tube-like structures that transport blood throughout the body.

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart except for the pulmonary artery.

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart except for the pulmonary vein.

Thin-walled blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste.

A specialized tissue in plants that transports water and nutrients throughout the plant.

The type of vascular tissue that transports water from the roots to the rest of the plant.

The type of vascular tissue that transports food made in the leaves to other parts of the plant.

The main stem of a plant, usually providing support and transporting water and nutrients.

A soft and bendy stem, typically found in flowering plants.

A rigid and strong stem, typically found in trees and shrubs.

The layer inside a stem responsible for producing new xylem and phloem cells.

The upper part of a leaf where photosynthesis takes place.