General Study Notes Quiz

Phase of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles contract, increasing pressure and causing the "lub" sound.

Phase of systole where blood is pumped out of the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per beat.

Volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (relaxation).

Volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection.

Phase of the cardiac cycle where the ventricles relax, but the volume remains constant.

Graphical representation of the electrical, pressure, and mechanical events of a cardiac cycle.

Valve opening is narrowed, restricting blood flow.

Valve doesn't close completely, allowing blood to leak backward.

All events related to the heart's activity during one complete contraction and relaxation.

Blood flow between the heart and lungs.

Blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.

Occurs when AV valves close.

Occurs when SL valves close.

The prolonged duration of a cardiac contractile cell action potential prevents tetanus (sustained contraction), allowing time for ventricular filling.

The P wave on an ECG corresponds to atrial depolarization (electrical signal causing atrial contraction).

The SA node's action potential initiates the heartbeat.

Atrial contractile cell action potential is the electrical signal causing atrial contraction.

The QRS complex on an ECG indicates ventricular depolarization (electrical signal starting ventricular contraction).

The action potential in ventricular contractile cells triggers ventricular contraction.

The T wave on the ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization (recharging the ventricles).

The four phases include ventricular filling (diastole), isovolumetric contraction (systole), ejection (systole), and isovolumetric relaxation (diastole).

During ventricular filling (diastole), blood flows into the ventricles.

Isovolumetric contraction (systole) is when the ventricles contract but no blood is ejected yet; volume remains the same.

Blood is ejected from the ventricles during the ejection phase (systole).

During isovolumetric relaxation (diastole), the ventricles are relaxing, but volume doesn't change yet.

The final volume of blood in the ventricles after filling.

Volume of blood remaining in the ventricles after contraction.

Sympathetic stimulation increases the L-type Ca2+ current in AV node cells, increasing conduction velocity.

Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the L-type Ca2+ current in AV node cells, decreasing conduction velocity.

More venous return (preload) leads to increased ventricular stretch, stronger contraction, and increased stroke volume.

Maintains a balance between left and right ventricle output, prevents a rise in end-systolic volume, and prevents a rise in venous pressure.

Resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.

Ability of heart muscle to contract.

Percentage of blood ejected from ventricles during systole.

Alterations in heart's contractility.

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

The overall movement of fluid, a result of filtration and absorption, driven by pressure gradients.

Movement of fluid out of the blood due to a pressure difference.

Movement of fluid into the blood due to a pressure difference.

The four pressures (capillary hydrostatic, interstitial fluid hydrostatic, plasma osmotic, and interstitial fluid osmotic) that determine the net filtration pressure.

Pressure exerted by blood against capillary walls.

The pressure of interstitial fluid, opposing filtration.

The osmotic pressure pulling fluid out of the capillaries due to proteins in interstitial fluid.

The osmotic pressure pulling fluid into the capillaries, related to proteins in the blood.

The difference between the pressures promoting filtration and those promoting reabsorption.

Returns excess fluid and leaked proteins from the interstitial spaces to the bloodstream

ATP provides energy for muscle contraction, powering the force generation process.

Desmosomes provide strong cell-cell adhesion, while gap junctions allow direct cytoplasmic communication between cells.

Increased cytosolic calcium triggers muscle contraction by binding to regulatory proteins.

The difference in electrical charge across the cell membrane when the cell is at rest.

Muscle contraction is caused by the sliding of actin and myosin filaments.

Papillary muscle contraction occurs concurrently with atrial contraction, closing the AV valves and preventing backflow during ventricular systole.

Blood is primarily extracellular fluid with dissolved solutes, containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and proteins, supporting gas transport, clotting, and defense.

Heterozygotes for sickle-cell gene have increased resistance to malaria.

Factors that decrease blood flow include narrowing of blood vessels, increased blood viscosity, or a significant decrease in blood pressure.

Sternocleidomastoid elevates the sternum; Scalenes fix or elevate ribs 1-2; External intercostals elevate ribs 2-12, widening the thoracic cavity; and Diaphragm descends, increasing thoracic cavity depth during inhalation.

Quiet exhalation requires no muscle contractions; it happens passively as the chest wall recoils.

Internal intercostals (interosseous part) depress ribs 1-11, narrowing the thoracic cavity; Diaphragm ascends, decreasing thoracic cavity depth; and Rectus abdominis and external abdominal obliques compress abdominal organs, pushing the diaphragm upward.

The volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a quiet exhale when respiratory muscles are relaxed.

The difference in pressure across a structure, such as the lung or chest wall.

The pressure difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure.

The pressure difference between the intrapleural pressure and atmospheric pressure.

The pressure exerted by the atmosphere.

The pressure inside the alveoli.

The pressure within the pleural cavity.

A condition where air enters the pleural space, causing lung collapse.

Collapse of a lung or part of a lung.