General Study Notes Quiz

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An enzyme that removes nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands.

Unpaired nucleotides left at the end of a DNA strand after exonuclease action.

Sticky ends of DNA that can pair due to base pairing rules.

An enzyme that seals nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.

A protein used to treat diseases; often monoclonal antibodies.

Antibodies are the most common type of protein therapeutics.

Initial human testing focusing on drug safety and dosage.

Final human testing assessing effectiveness on disease outcomes.

A method to genetically modify organisms to produce proteins of interest.

Produces large quantities, is cost-effective, allows easy variant creation, and ensures reproducibility.

Proteins produced to fight viral infections, often generated through recombinant technology.

A synthetic version of interferon created by combining fragments of natural interferons.

The time required for the amount of drug in the body to reduce to half its initial value.

The process of attaching polyethylene glycol (PEG) to molecules to increase their half-life.

The process of joining two identical molecules to enhance the stability and half-life of therapeutics.

A technique to increase protein stability, solubility, and resistance to degradation, thus improving half-life.

B-cells are HGPRT+ and can proliferate via the salvage pathway but are not immortal.

Myeloma cells are HGPRT- and cannot synthesize dGTP or dTTP, preventing proliferation.

Hybridomas are immortal cells, HGPRT+, that can synthesize dGTP and dTTP, allowing prolonged proliferation.

Hybridomas provide a consistent source of identical monoclonal antibodies and can be cryopreserved for long-term use.

Non-human antibodies trigger immune responses in humans due to species-specific Fc regions leading to destruction.

Chimeric antibodies have a human Fc region combined with a non-human antigen-specific Fv region.

Humanized antibodies are 95% human, with human Fc and non-human CDRs for targeting antigens.

CDRs are hypervariable regions within the Fv of antibodies that determine binding specificity for antigens.

Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases used for gene editing by creating double-strand breaks in DNA.

CRISPR is simpler, cheaper, and faster than ZFNs and TALENs due to gRNA selection instead of full enzyme design.

Enzyme in CRISPR that cuts DNA at specific locations, facilitating gene editing.

Molecule that directs Cas9 to target DNA sequence by base pairing.

Protospacer Adjacent Motif, a short DNA sequence necessary for Cas9 binding and activity.

Template DNA containing sequences needed for homology-directed repair after Cas9 cleavage.

Deactivated Cas9 that does not cut DNA but can still bind, allowing regulation of gene expression.

Nuclease domain that can be added to dCas9 for targeted DNA cleavage at specific locations when paired with another gRNA.

A monoclonal antibody targeting the HER2 receptor to prevent uncontrolled cell growth.

Catalytic monoclonal antibodies that possess active sites for catalysis.

Short nucleic acids that bind mRNAs to inhibit their expression.

Nucleic acids that bind to specific protein motifs or other molecules.

Nucleic acid enzymes capable of cleaving other nucleic acids.

Small interfering RNA that directs degradation of specific mRNAs.

Must be taken up by cells, target specific mRNAs, and resist degradation.

Advanced forms of antisense oligonucleotides with improved properties.

siRNAs help degrade abnormal mRNAs with long CAG repeats to prevent protein aggregation in Huntington's disease.

Onpattro is an RNAi drug used to treat hATTR by targeting faulty production of proteins.

An enveloped retrovirus with a small genome, integrating into the host genome.

An enveloped retrovirus that can integrate into non-dividing cells, with a larger genome than gammaretroviruses.

A naked virus with a large dsDNA genome that infects various cells but does not integrate into the host genome.

A small, non-pathogenic virus that requires a helper virus for replication and can integrate into the host genome.

An enveloped virus with a large dsDNA genome that primarily targets neurons and does not integrate into the host genome.

The process where adenovirus binds to host cells, enters via a vesicle, and releases its DNA in the nucleus for replication.