General Study Notes Overview

A period of time during early development where the brain is highly sensitive to stimulation, making it easier to acquire certain skills.

Play where children engage in activities independently, such as playing with their own toys.

Play where children play alongside each other, often with similar toys but without interacting directly.

Play involving using objects to represent something else, such as a stick becoming a sword.

Play where children work together on shared activities or games with rules.

Play involving dramatic role-playing, often incorporating other types of play.

The time period where the brain's connections are strengthened and weakened, forming the foundation for cognitive abilities.

Play contributes to growth and development across all stages of life, including physical, cognitive, and social-emotional aspects.

A type of learning where behaviors are strengthened when followed by a positive outcome or reward.

Freud's theory suggesting we go through five stages of personality development focused on erogenous zones (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital). Success in each stage leads to a healthy adult personality, while failure results in fixation.

The part of Freud's personality structure that represents basic needs, instincts, and drives like sex, hunger, and aggression. It strives for immediate pleasure and seeks to avoid pain, regardless of consequences.

The part of Freud's personality that mediates between the Id's desires and the Superego's rules. It aims to satisfy the Id's needs realistically while considering social constraints.

The part of Freud's personality that represents morality, values, and social rules. It acts as an internalized conscience, aiming to control the Id's impulses and strive for perfection.

A key feature of Piaget's Preoperational Stage (ages 2-7). This refers to the inability of children to understand that others may have different perspectives or viewpoints than their own.

Kohlberg's theory of moral development describes three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional, each representing increased sophistication in reasoning about right and wrong. It emphasizes a focus on individual rights, rules, and justice.

Gilligan's theory of moral development emphasizes the importance of relationships and care in moral reasoning, suggesting that women often prioritize empathy and connection over abstract rules and principles.

Playing with toys and objects helps children learn language, balance, and organization.

Activities like making puzzles or playing with beads help children develop fine motor skills in their hands.

Playing teaches valuable lessons about right and wrong, such as sharing, taking turns, and being fair.

Play helps children cope with challenges and express themselves by acting out different roles.

Participating in sports during adolescence can lead to a more active lifestyle throughout adulthood.

Adolescents continue to learn and understand the world around them.

Socializing helps adolescents build confidence and discover their interests and preferences.

Strong family bonds provide safety, support, and a foundation for adolescents to explore the world around them.

The part of the brain responsible for higher-order functions like decision-making, self-control, responsibility, and morality.

A mental disorder that affects a person's ability to think, feel, and behave clearly. Often characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

The role of genes and environment in influencing the likelihood of an individual developing a specific trait, such as addiction.

The period of significant brain development that occurs during adolescence, primarily affecting the prefrontal cortex.

The impact of environmental factors, including upbringing, social influences, and experiences, on an individual's development and behavior.

The tendency for individuals to engage in risky behaviors, often with a focus on immediate gratification and a disregard for potential consequences.

The ability to control impulses, delay gratification, and make thoughtful decisions.

The process by which substances, such as drugs and alcohol, directly affect the brain's reward system, leading to a powerful desire to repeat the experience.

The amygdala is a brain structure that detects threats and triggers the fear or anxiety response, acting as a communication hub between sensory information and interpretation.

The hippocampus is involved in encoding threatening events into memories, potentially contributing to anxiety disorders with specific fears.

Social phobia involves a fear of being watched and judged, often accompanied by physical symptoms like sweating and trembling.

Specific phobia involves an intense fear of a specific object or situation like heights, spiders, or flying.

Sociopathy is characterized by consistent patterns of behavior from a young age, including disregard for rules, lack of empathy, and a tendency towards violence.

Exposure to harmful factors during fetal development can increase the risk of developing various disorders, including schizophrenia, learning disabilities, and behavioral/emotional problems.

The amygdala and hippocampus play key roles in anxiety disorders by processing and storing fear memories.

Social phobia is characterized by fear of social situations and being judged, while specific phobia involves fear of specific objects or situations.

A parenting style that focuses on clear rules, expectations, and consequences, while also encouraging communication and independence.

A parenting style characterized by high demands and strict rules, with little room for discussion or negotiation.

A parenting style characterized by few rules, indulgent, and lenient.

A parenting style characterized by a lack of involvement or interest in a child's life.

Negative socialization refers to the process of learning unacceptable or unethical behaviors within a family setting.

This refers to the ways in which a child's development can be negatively impacted by harmful experiences.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting screen time for children, emphasizing interactive play, and making sure content is age-appropriate.

These are periods during early development when the brain is highly sensitive to specific types of stimulation, making it easier to learn and acquire certain skills.