General Study Notes Generation

A movement advocating for self-governance in India, influenced by similar movements globally.

Nationalist revolts and movements across Africa and Asia after World War I.

A government strategy using concessions (carrot) to appease and repression (stick) to control dissent.

Constitutional reforms leading to the Government of India Act of 1919, granting some political power to Indians.

A system of dual governance dividing provincial powers between the Governor and elected Indian ministers.

Important administrative areas under the direct control of the Governor, such as finance and law and order, in the Dyarchy system.

Areas like education and local self-government, handled by Indian ministers accountable to the legislature, under the Dyarchy system.

Legislation implementing the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, introducing limited legislative powers for Indians.

Representative bodies at the provincial level, expanded under the 1919 Act.

The 1919 Act gave limited political powers to Indians, far less than what nationalists desired.

A special session of the Indian National Congress held in Bombay in 1918, where they rejected government reform proposals and demanded self-government.

A political party formed by veteran Congress leaders who supported government reform proposals after leaving the Congress.

A controversial law passed in 1919 that gave the British government the power to imprison people without trial, suspending civil liberties.

Suppression of Indian nationalist movements during wartime.

A key leader of the Indian independence movement, who took control of the nationalist movement during Rowlatt Act agitation.

The basic rights and freedoms that are essential for a person's well-being.

Complete control of one's own government, independent of any external authority.

Strong and unanimous opposition from all Indian members of the Central Legislative Council to the Rowlatt Act, leading to resignations.

Born in 1869, a prominent lawyer and political leader in South Africa before becoming a key figure in India's independence movement.

A violent incident in Amritsar, India, where British troops fired upon an unarmed crowd protesting arrests of leaders.

Gandhi's encouragement of mass political activity to awaken the Indian people.

A period of significant political action and protest in India, marked by hartals, strikes, and demonstrations.

The British government's use of force to suppress the growing independence movement in India.

The city in Punjab, India, where the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre occurred.

The British military commander who ordered the firing at Jallianwala Bagh.

The enclosed garden in Amritsar where the massacre took place, with limited exit.

The protesters at Jallianwala Bagh who were not armed.

Widespread Indian opposition to the Rowlatt Act, uniting Hindus and Muslims in political action.

Cooperation between Hindus and Muslims in political movements, demonstrated in the Rowlatt Act protests.

Muslim political movement protesting British treatment of the Ottoman Empire and the Sultan.

The vast empire in the Middle East and Europe, its position affected British policy.

Religious leader of Muslims, often associated with the Sultan in the Khilafat movement.

Important leaders of the Khilafat movement in India.

National gathering of Muslims in 1919 to discuss and plan the Khilafat agitation.

Muslim League's support for the Indian National Congress political movement.

Indian National Congress leaders viewed the Khilafat movement as a chance to unite Hindus and Muslims.

A movement led by Indian Muslims advocating for the Ottoman Caliphate, demanding redress from the British.

A resolution passed by the All-India Khilafat Committee in 1921 prohibiting Muslim participation in the British Indian army.

The arrest of the Ali brothers in 1921 for sedition, leading to Gandhiji's calls for protests.

A large-scale movement launched in 1920, urging Indians to boycott British institutions and practices to achieve self-rule.

A controversial law allowing detention without trial, creating significant opposition from nationalists.

A declaration by 50 members of the All India Congress Committee outlining that Indians should not serve a government harming their social/economic/political position.

Gandhi became a key leader of the Khilafat movement and the Non-Cooperation movement, using nonviolent resistance to achieve Indian independence.

Congress permitted individual provinces to start civil disobedience against British laws, including non-payment of taxes, based on local readiness.

Many key nationalist leaders, except Gandhi, along with approximately 3000 others, were arrested by the end of 1921 due to the movement's intensification.

Issues relating to atrocities and mistreatment of Indians in the Punjab region, sparking protests and boycotts.

A term meaning 'self-rule' used in the Indian independence movement.

The visit of the Prince of Wales, heir to the British throne, to India in 1921, intended to encourage loyalty.

A large protest demonstration in Bombay in 1921, which was met with a violent response by the government, resulting in casualties.

A meeting involving leaders from various political parties, leading to a boycott against British institutions to press demands for self-government.

A resolution passed at the Ahmedabad Congress in 1921, re-affirming non-violent non-cooperation to achieve Swaraj, and dealing with individual and mass civil disobedience.

The Indian National Congress endorsed Gandhi's plan to oppose British rule and achieve Swaraj.

A key part of the Non-Cooperation movement, encouraging people to avoid using British institutions as a form of protest.

Homespun cloth promoting self-reliance and challenging British textile industries, used during the non-cooperation movement.