N715 Exam 3 New Pt 4

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What primarily stimulates insulin secretion in the pancreas?

Cystic fibrosis presence

Decrease in blood glucose levels

Increased blood glucose levels (correct)

SNS activation

Which statement accurately describes the role of glucagon?

Secreted by β cells to lower blood glucose levels

Stimulates fat storage in adipose tissue

Secreted by α cells in response to hypoglycemia (correct)

Inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

In type 2 diabetes, what is primarily responsible for insulin resistance?

Deficiency of insulin production from β cells

Presence of elevated levels of free fatty acids (correct)

Increased sensitivity of insulin receptors

Inhibited secretion of glucagon

How do thyroid hormones primarily exert their effects on cells?

Crossing cell membranes and binding to intracellular receptors Signup and view all the answers

What are the key characteristics of diabetes mellitus?

Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic clinical manifestation of myxedema coma?

Hypothermia without shivering Signup and view all the answers

Graves' disease is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Type II hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic disorder is commonly associated with secondary hypothyroidism?

Hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What triggers a thyroid storm in patients with Graves' disease?

Physiologic stress such as infection Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response component is primarily responsible for stimulating TSH receptor-reactive immune cells in Graves' disease?

Cytokines IL-2 and IL-7 Signup and view all the answers

What role do Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class II molecules play in thyroid disease?

They facilitate antigen presentation to T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Graves’ Disease Signup and view all the answers

Which finding is associated with hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' disease?

Decrease in TSH levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate thyroid hormone production?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome if hyperadrenalism is left untreated?

Adrenal crisis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary physiological consequence of hypothyroidism?

Decreased energy production Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Thyroid Hormone Receptor activation, which of the following effects does T3 have?

Activates target gene transcription Signup and view all the answers

What physiological mechanism underlies the development of type 2 diabetes?

Insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure within the thyroid gland that produces hormones?

Follicles Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by elevated blood glucose and dehydration due to osmotic shifts?

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) Signup and view all the answers

What role does iodine play in thyroid hormone production?

Iodine is essential for both T3 and T4 synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which feedback mechanism regulates the secretion of thyroid hormones?

Negative feedback from T3 and T4 levels Signup and view all the answers

What primarily defines primary hypothyroidism?

Decreased T3 and T4 levels Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the process of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

Increased hepatic glucose synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with the development of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?

Excess adipokines in circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of defective insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes?

Uncontrolled glucagon secretion from alpha cells Signup and view all the answers

Which factor might lead to apoptosis of beta cells in type 2 diabetes?

Fat accumulation in the pancreas Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the suboptimal response to insulin in insulin-sensitive tissues?

Insulin resistance Signup and view all the answers

What role do proinflammatory cytokines play in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?

They contribute to insulin resistance. Signup and view all the answers

In type 2 diabetes, what is a major consequence of decreased insulin receptor density?

Insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism contributes to hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes related to alpha cells?

Reduced responsiveness to glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for Addison's disease?

Autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glucocorticoids released during stress?

Suppress immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hypoadrenalism?

Inadequate hormone production by the adrenal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the adrenal cortex is primarily responsible for secreting glucocorticoids?

Zona Fasciculata Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate prevalence of Addison's disease?

3-5 cases per million people Signup and view all the answers

What effect do glucocorticoids have on blood glucose levels?

Increase blood glucose concentration Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal inner medulla?

Physiological stress conditions Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism do water-soluble hormones primarily use to exert their effects on target cells?

Binding to cell membranes and activating second messengers Signup and view all the answers

In patients with chronic steroid therapy, what is the primary reason for administering stress dose steroids during acute illness?

To prevent Addisonian crisis under stress Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a primary endocrine disorder?

The organ targeted by the disorder itself is affected Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates cancerous cells from normal cells?

Inability to undergo apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological process is primarily affected in type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Increased insulin production without cellular response Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs) in thyroid disorders?

They stimulate excessive production of T3 and T4 Signup and view all the answers

What is the most immediate factor that can temporarily correct Addison’s disease symptoms at the cellular level?

Stress dose of corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What defines a secondary endocrine disorder?

Dysfunction in the release of trophic hormones from an organ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a common feature of the tumor microenvironment in cancer?

Presence of immune suppression Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is classified as both a hormone and neurotransmitter?

Epinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily disrupted in cells undergoing malignant transformation?

Signal transduction pathways Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates primary from secondary hypothyroidism?

Secondary hypothyroidism is often caused by pituitary dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response is triggered by the positive feedback loop of oxytocin during labor?

Enhanced uterine contractions and fetal expulsion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genetics and cancer development?

Both inherited and acquired mutations can contribute to cancer Signup and view all the answers

What role does aldosterone play in patients experiencing adrenal insufficiency such as in Addison's disease?

Promotes sodium and water retention Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is most critical for monitoring DNA integrity?

G2 phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary regulator of aldosterone secretion?

Renin-angiotensin system (RAAS) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Addison's disease?

Inadequate cortisol and sometimes aldosterone production Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high circulating cortisol have on ACTH secretion?

Inhibits ACTH production Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from the pituitary gland failing to produce enough ACTH?

Secondary hypoadrenalism Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating cortisol synthesis and secretion in the adrenal cortex?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common physiological trigger for increased ACTH secretion?

Psychological stress Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of prolonged use of corticosteroids on the hypothalamus?

Inhibition of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to enhanced aldosterone secretion apart from the renin-angiotensin system?

Direct stimulation by ACTH Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 receptor agonists are not effective in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)?

Patients do not have beta cells to produce insulin. Signup and view all the answers

How does the metabolic acidosis in hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) differ from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

HHS can have a milder anion gap than DKA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary metabolic consequence of increased glucagon in patients with HHS?

Increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Heat intolerance and anxiety. Signup and view all the answers

In Graves’ disease, which underlying problem affects the patient's thyroid function?

Secondary hypothyroidism affecting the pituitary gland. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of insulin in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)?

Insulin provides the key required to utilize glucose in the cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the classic triad of symptoms associated with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS)?

Lethargy, polyuria, and altered mental status. Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in patients with an elevated A1C in relation to diabetes management?

Benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 receptor agonists. Signup and view all the answers