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Questions and Answers

What physiological function does the hypothalamus perform to maintain fluid balance?

  • Increases heart rate and releases cortisol
  • Triggers lymphatic drainage and releases norepinephrine
  • Stimulates thirst and releases ADH (correct)
  • Stimulates hunger and releases insulin

    • Which system is activated by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure to regulate fluid balance?

  • Parasympathetic Nervous System
  • Sympathetic Nervous System
  • Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) (correct)
  • Endocrine Feedback Loop

    • How do baroreceptors contribute to fluid balance in the body?

  • They increase thirst when blood is diluted.
  • They regulate electrolyte levels directly within the kidneys.
  • They detect blood pressure changes and signal for fluid retention or excretion. (correct)
  • They stimulate the hunger sensation for energy replenishment.

    • What occurs in the body when dehydration is detected?

    <p>The hypothalamus triggers thirst and releases ADH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte's normal ranges are crucial for maintaining fluid homeostasis?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of nicotinic receptors in target organs or tissues?

    <p>Causes muscle contraction or nerve signal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter primarily activates muscarinic receptors?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?

    <p>Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are muscarinic receptors primarily located?

    <p>Smooth muscles and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the activation of M2 muscarinic receptors have on the heart?

    <p>Slows heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do ligand-gated ion channels play in cellular function?

    <p>Allow ions to enter the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do intracellular receptors affect gene expression?

    <p>They change gene activity after the ligand enters the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about GPCRs is true?

    <p>They activate secondary messengers inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of absorption in pharmacokinetics?

    <p>Drug moves from site of administration to systemic circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence drug absorption?

    <p>Distribution effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body's condition like food in the stomach affect drug absorption?

    <p>It can interfere with drug dissolution and absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) on drug absorption?

    <p>It can pump drugs out of cells, reducing absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about distribution in pharmacokinetics is correct?

    <p>Distribution is affected by drug characteristics and the body's ability to cross membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does surface area in the intestines play in drug absorption?

    <p>It enhances absorption due to increased contact time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of drug administration is likely to provide the fastest absorption?

    <p>Intravenous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end goal of the pharmacokinetic processes?

    <p>To provide therapeutic effect in tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of acute pain?

    <p>Localized pain that lasts less than 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is commonly used for chronic pain management?

    <p>Multimodal therapies including physical therapy and antidepressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does neuropathic pain primarily differ from acute pain?

    <p>Neuropathic pain is a persistent issue caused by nervous system changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with acute pain?

    <p>Increased heart rate and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pain is illustrated by low back pain in conditions like fibromyalgia?

    <p>Chronic pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of sodium (Na⁺) in the body?

    <p>Regulating fluid balance and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is considered the main intracellular cation?

    <p>Potassium (K⁺)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for calcium (Ca²⁺) in blood?

    <p>9-10.5 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bicarbonate and carbonic acid work together to regulate pH?

    <p>Carbonic acid releases H⁺ to raise pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the respiratory buffering system do when blood pH is too acidic?

    <p>Increases breathing rate to expel CO₂</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of magnesium (Mg²⁺)?

    <p>Bone formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phosphate (PO₄³⁻) in the body?

    <p>Energy production and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical normal range for potassium (K⁺) in the blood?

    <p>3.5-5.0 mEq/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of serotonin in the body?

    <p>Mood regulation and controlling appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is known as the 'Love Hormone'?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is mainly involved in the sleep-wake cycle and low levels are linked to depression?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is crucial for maintaining high levels of progesterone and estrogen during early pregnancy?

    <p>hCG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of Nitric Oxide in the body?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is specifically involved in the prevention of premature labor?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Norepinephrine?

    <p>Nudges you into action and focuses attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the placenta formed during pregnancy?

    <p>From trophoblast cells after blastocyst implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substance P is primarily associated with which of the following functions?

    <p>Pain transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are low levels of Norepinephrine linked to depression?

    <p>It diminishes arousal and focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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