1 Personality
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary human motivation according to Alfred Adler?

  • The development of cultural factors in personality
  • Striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection (correct)
  • The pursuit of social relationships
  • The rejection of Freud's notion of penis envy in women

    • What is the term for the set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past?

  • Collective unconscious (correct)
  • Personal unconscious
  • Ego
  • Id

    • According to Horney, what is the primary factor in the development of personality?

  • Cultural factors
  • Biological factors
  • Genetic factors
  • Relationship between parents and child (correct)

    • What is the term for universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences?

    <p>Archetypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a feeling of inadequacy that persists into adulthood?

    <p>Inferiority complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the approach developed by the Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts?

    <p>Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of social cognitive approaches to personality?

    <p>The impact of cognitions and observation of others' behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of learning theories in personality psychology?

    <p>They tend to have a highly deterministic view of human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core assumption of humanistic approaches to personality?

    <p>People are innately good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of trait theory in personality psychology?

    <p>To identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism of humanistic approaches to personality?

    <p>They have difficulty verifying their basic assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of trait approaches to personality?

    <p>They allow for the comparison of one person to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is personality, according to psychology?

    <p>A characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective assumes that personality is primarily unconscious?

    <p>Psychodynamic Perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Id, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Superego, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To judge the morality of our behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Reality Principle, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To resolve conflicts between the Id and the outside world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary defense mechanism, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>Repression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Psychosexual stages, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of threats to the balance between the Ego, Superego, and Id, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the criticism of Freud's theory regarding the Oedipus complex?

    <p>It is not universal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of Freud's theory, according to the text?

    <p>It lacks conclusive evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ego, according to the Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts?

    <p>To mediate between the demands of the id and the superego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main criticism of Freud's theory, according to the text?

    <p>It neglects the role of sociocultural factors in personality development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the collective unconscious, according to Jung?

    <p>A set of universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary motivation, according to Adler?

    <p>The striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the superego, according to Freud?

    <p>To incorporate moral principles and values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Horney's neo-Freudian perspective?

    <p>The importance of sociocultural factors in personality development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the unconscious mind, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To act as a determinant of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drive of the id, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>Pleasure and reduction of tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the superego in relation to morality, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>It punishes immoral behavior and induces guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the unconscious and preconscious mind, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>The unconscious mind contains threatening material, while the preconscious mind contains non-threatening material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the ego's use of defense mechanisms, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>Reduced anxiety and protection of the ego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the ego in relation to the id and the outside world, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>It acts as a mediator between the id and the outside world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the id, ego, and superego, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>The id and superego are in conflict, while the ego is neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of repression, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To push unacceptable impulses out of awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the superego in relation to the ego, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>It harshly judges the ego's decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the unconscious and conscious mind, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>The unconscious mind contains material that is not accessible to the conscious mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to personality emphasizes the influence of a person’s cognitions and observation of others’ behavior?

    <p>Social cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of humanistic approaches to personality?

    <p>To help people achieve self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attitude of acceptance and respect, according to Carl Rogers?

    <p>Unconditional positive regard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-actualization, according to humanistic approaches?

    <p>A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of learning theories in personality psychology?

    <p>They have produced important, successful means of treating a variety of psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ego, according to the Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts?

    <p>To control day-to-day activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the approach developed by Carl Jung?

    <p>Analytical Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Horney, what is the primary factor in the development of personality?

    <p>Social relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the feelings of inadequacy that persist into adulthood, according to Adler?

    <p>Inferiority complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts, what is the main criticism of Freud's theory?

    <p>Too limited in population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences, according to Jung?

    <p>Archetypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary emphasis of social cognitive approaches to personality?

    <p>The influence of a person's cognitions and observation of others' behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of trait theory in personality psychology?

    <p>To identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core assumption of humanistic approaches to personality?

    <p>That people are basically good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of learning theories in personality psychology?

    <p>They have made personality psychology a scientific venture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of learning theories in personality psychology?

    <p>They are overly deterministic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of humanistic approaches to therapy?

    <p>To alleviate psychological difficulties by promoting self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ego in relation to the id and the outside world?

    <p>To provide a buffer between the id and the realities of the objective, outside world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of repression, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To push unacceptable impulses out of awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criticism of Freud's theory regarding the Oedipus complex?

    <p>It is not as universal as Freud maintained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the unconscious and preconscious mind, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>The unconscious contains instinctual wishes and desires, while the preconscious contains non-threatening material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the id, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To reduce tension created by primitive drives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the superego, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To harshly judge the morality of our behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of threats to the balance between the ego, superego, and id, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory, according to Freud?

    <p>Unconscious forces acting as determinants of personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the ego, according to Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

    <p>To provide a buffer between the id and the realities of the outside world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of Freud's theory, according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the Oral Stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory?

    <p>Deriving pleasure from oral activities like sucking, biting, and tasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage do children become aware of their bodies and develop unconscious sexual desires?

    <p>Phallic Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of unresolved conflicts at any stage of Freud's psychosexual development theory?

    <p>Fixation or issues in adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the Genital Stage of psychosexual development begin, according to Freud?

    <p>At puberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Latency Stage in Freud's psychosexual development theory?

    <p>Development of social and cognitive skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do parents' attitudes towards potty training impact personality development, according to Freud?

    <p>They impact personality development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of defense mechanisms, such as denial and repression?

    <p>To cope with internal or external stressors while protecting self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of repression, according to the text?

    <p>An individual who experienced a traumatic event having no recollection of the details</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves redirecting emotions from the original source to a less threatening target?

    <p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of rationalization, according to the text?

    <p>A person who fails to get a job rationalizing it by saying they didn't really want to work there</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves channeling unacceptable urges or impulses into socially acceptable activities?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defense mechanism in which an individual refuses to acknowledge an unpleasant aspect of reality?

    <p>Denial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves redirecting emotions from the original source to a less threatening target?

    <p>Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of defense mechanisms, such as denial and repression?

    <p>To protect self-esteem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others?

    <p>Projection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defense mechanism in which an individual reverts to a previous stage of development in the face of stress?

    <p>Regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism involves channeling unacceptable urges or impulses into socially acceptable activities?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of individuals who are high in openness to experience?

    <p>They are imaginative, curious, and open-minded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with self-discipline and reliability?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary emotion associated with the personality trait of extraversion?

    <p>Positive emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the personality trait of agreeableness?

    <p>Harmonious relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of individuals who are high in neuroticism?

    <p>They are prone to negative emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Big Five Personality traits?

    <p>To capture the essential aspects of personality variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Personality

    • Personality: Characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving

    Psychodynamic Perspective

    • Psychodynamic approaches to personality: Assume that personality is primarily unconscious
    • Motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness

    Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Psychoanalytic theory: Unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
    • Theory by Freud
    • Conscious: Part of the personality that you are aware of in any given instance
    • Unconscious: Part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware
    • Unconsciousness consists of:
      • Preconscious: non-threatening material that is easily brought to mind
      • Drives: instinctual wishes, desires, demands, and needs hidden from awareness because of the conflict and pain they would cause

    Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, and Superego

    • Id:
      • Instinctual, unorganized, inborn part of personality
      • Sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses
      • Pleasure principle
    • Ego:
      • Part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the realities of the objective, outside world
      • Reality principle
      • Executive of personality
    • Superego:
      • Personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior
      • Includes the conscience, which prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way
      • Makes us feel guilty if we do wrong

    Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages

    • Psychosexual stages: Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges
    • Fixations: Concerns or conflicts that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

    Defense Mechanisms

    • Threats to the balance between the ego, superego, and id can result in anxiety
    • Anxiety results in the ego using defense mechanisms to protect itself
    • Defense mechanisms: Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves
    • Repression: Primary defense mechanism
      • Ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant impulses out of awareness and back into the unconscious

    Evaluating Freud's Legacy

    • Individual case studies seem supportive, but there is a lack of conclusive evidence, showing that personality is structured consistent with Freud’s theory
    • Sexuality is not the pervasive force that Freud believed it to be
    • The Oedipus complex is not as universal as Freud maintained
    • The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought
    • Later experiences warrant attention
    • The ego and conscious thought processes play a larger role in personality than Freud believed

    The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud

    • Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points
    • Emphasized the functions of the ego
    • Suggested that it has more control than the id over day-to-day activities
    • Jung's collective unconscious:
      • Inherited set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past
      • Collective unconscious vs personal unconscious
      • Collective unconscious contains archetypes
      • Archetypes: Universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences
    • Horney's neo-Freudian perspective:
      • Suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships
      • Depends on the relationship between parents and child
      • Rejected Freud's notion of penis envy in women
      • Stressed the importance of cultural factors in the determination of personality
    • Adler and the other neo-Freudians:
      • Alfred Adler – Proposed that the primary human motivation is striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection
      • Birth order plays an important role in personality
      • Inferiority complex – Describes adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inadequacy they developed as children

    Learning Approaches

    • B.F.Skinner's behaviorist approach:
      • Personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns
      • Humans are infinitely changeable through the process of learning new behavior patterns
    • Social cognitive approaches to personality:
      • Theories that emphasize the influence of a person's cognitions and observation of others' behavior, in determining personality

    Evaluating Learning Approaches to Personality

    • Learning theories have:
      • Helped make personality psychology a scientific venture
      • Tend to share a highly deterministic view of human behavior
      • By focusing on observable behavior and the effects of their environments
      • Maintains that behavior is shaped by forces beyond the individual's control
      • Produced important, successful means of treating a variety of psychological disorders

    Humanistic Approaches

    • Emphasize people's innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning
    • Rogers and the need for self-actualization:
      • State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way
      • Unconditional positive regard: Attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does
      • Conditional positive regard depends on one's behavior

    Evaluating Humanistic Approaches

    • Benefits:
      • Highlights the uniqueness of human beings
      • Guides the development of a form of therapy designed to alleviate psychological difficulties
    • Criticisms:
      • Difficulty of verifying basic assumptions of the approach
      • Making the assumption that people are basically “good”

    Trait Approaches

    • Trait theory: Model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
    • Traits: Consistent, habitual personality characteristics and behaviors displayed across different situations
    • Costa and McCrae's Big Five Personality Traits

    Evaluating Trait Approaches to Personality

    • Benefits:

      • Provide straightforward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies
      • Allow comparison of one person to another
      • Influence the development of several useful personality measures

    • Drawbacks:

      • Validity of trait conceptions of personality
      • Do not provide explanations for behavior### Personality

    • Personality is the characteristic way of thinking, feeling, and behaving

    • It is a collection of learned behavior patterns and can be changed through the process of learning new behavior patterns

    Learning Approaches to Personality

    • Focus on observable behavior and the effects of environmental forces
    • Deterministic view of human behavior
    • Helped make personality psychology a scientific venture
    • Produced important, successful means of treating various psychological disorders

    Humanistic Approaches

    • Emphasize people’s innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning
    • Rogers and the need for self-actualization
    • Self-actualization: State of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way
    • Unconditional positive regard: Attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does

    Evaluating Humanistic Approaches

    • Highlights the uniqueness of human beings
    • Guides the development of a form of therapy designed to alleviate psychological difficulties
    • Difficulty of verifying basic assumptions of the approach
    • Making the assumption that people are basically “good”

    Trait Approaches

    • Trait theory: Model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
    • Traits: Consistent, habitual personality characteristics and behaviors displayed across different situations
    • Costa and McCrae’s Big Five Personality Traits

    Evaluating Trait Approaches to Personality

    • Provide straightforward explanation of people’s behavioral consistencies
    • Allow comparison of one person to another
    • Influence the development of several useful personality measures
    • Validity of trait conceptions of personality
    • Do not provide explanations for behavior

    Psychodynamic Perspective

    • Psychodynamic approaches to personality: Assume that personality is primarily unconscious
    • Motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness
    • Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind

    Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
    • Conscious: Part of the personality that you are aware of in any given instance
    • Unconscious: Part of the personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware
    • Preconscious: non-threatening material that is easily brought to mind
    • Drives: instinctual wishes, desires, demands, and needs hidden from awareness because of the conflict and pain they would cause

    Structuring Personality

    • Id, ego, and superego
    • Id: instinctual, unorganized, inborn part of personality
    • Ego: Provides a buffer between the id and the realities of the objective, outside world
    • Superego: Personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior

    Developing Personality

    • Psychosexual stages: Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges
    • Fixations: Concerns or conflicts that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur

    Psychosexual Stages

    • Oral Stage: Infants derive pleasure from oral activities like sucking, biting, and tasting
    • Anal Stage: Focus on bowel and bladder control
    • Phallic Stage: Children become aware of their bodies and develop unconscious sexual desires
    • Latency Stage: Sexual impulses are dormant, and children focus on developing social and cognitive skills
    • Genital Stage: Begins at puberty, where the individual's sexual desires reawaken and are directed towards others in a mature way

    Defense Mechanisms

    • Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves
    • Repression: Primary defense mechanism
    • Other common defense mechanisms include denial, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, and regression

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