General Principles of Teratology
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General Principles of Teratology

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Questions and Answers

What is the critical developmental stage for organ formation and the time of maximum sensitivity for malformation?

  • Postnatal development
  • Fetal period
  • Pre-embryonic stage
  • Organogenesis (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of developmental outcome associated with teratology?

  • Cognitive defects
  • Malformations
  • Embryo lethality
  • Enhanced immune response (correct)

    • What significant outcome is associated with Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure during pregnancy?

  • 40x increase in developing vaginal cancer (correct)
  • Lower rates of fertility in exposed daughters
  • Higher cognitive function in offspring
  • Increased risk of breast cancer in mothers

    • Which factor is known to influence developmental toxicity in relation to maternal health?

    <p>Genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

    <p>Facial anomalies and heart malformations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was methyl mercury associated with in babies born to mothers who consumed contaminated fish?

    <p>Cognitive deficits and skeletal deformities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What harmful effect did Thalidomide have on newborns?

    <p>Birth defects including limb malformations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the mechanism through which ethanol contributes to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

    <p>Competitively inhibits retinol metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of cytotoxicity in non-genotoxic carcinogenesis?

    <p>Accumulative preneoplastic focal lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can oxidative stress contribute to tumor progression?

    <p>By inducing cellular proliferation via reactive oxygen species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor is NOT associated with chronic inflammation that could influence cancer risk?

    <p>Indoor air pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do receptors play in the context of non-genotoxic carcinogenesis?

    <p>They are involved in gene expression changes due to toxicants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of antioxidant supplementation in relation to cancer?

    <p>It may prevent cancer initiation but promote tumor progression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of receptor-mediated carcinogenesis, what happens when a toxicant interacts with its receptor?

    <p>It leads to changes in gene expression related to cell functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do environmental factors like phthalates impact cancer risk?

    <p>They enhance regenerative growth while causing mutations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cancer epigenetics in tumor development?

    <p>It involves the methylation of genes, contributing to genome instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a long-term effect associated with air pollution?

    <p>Chronic atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938?

    <p>To ensure consumer safety by regulating food and drug products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GRAS stand for in food safety regulations?

    <p>Generally Recognized as Safe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in determining the safety of a food additive?

    <p>The concentration level of the additive in the food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency regulates food coloring additives in the United States?

    <p>Food and Drug Administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the safety standard for dietary supplements compared to food additives?

    <p>Less stringent with reasonable expectation of no harm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is not directly added to food but may come into contact with it?

    <p>Indirect food additives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of food additives?

    <p>To ensure EDI is less than the acceptable daily intake (ADI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of myelin loss in neurons?

    <p>Slowing and aberrant conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can significantly reduce the incidence of neural tube defects?

    <p>Folic acid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the Bhopal disaster in 1984?

    <p>Life-long respiratory and ocular effects for survivors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does exercise influence air pollution uptake?

    <p>It leads to more inhalation of particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant health effect of air pollution from incomplete combustion?

    <p>Increased immune cell response leading to fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contributing factor to immediate pulmonary oxidative stress from air pollution?

    <p>Exposure to olfactory pollutants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT commonly used in experimental air pollution toxicology?

    <p>Longitudinal surveys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding particle size in air pollution is accurate?

    <p>Particle size is not always correlated with health effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of action is primarily responsible for aflatoxin's cancer-causing effects?

    <p>It binds with DNA to create DNA adducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of cadmium in the human body?

    <p>30 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following food components is associated with the formation of acrylamide?

    <p>Potatoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the State of California's Prop 65 mandate regarding chemical exposure?

    <p>Products must be labeled if they contain chemicals leading to &gt;1 extra case of cancer in 100,000 over 70 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issue is primarily caused by cadmium replacing calcium in bones?

    <p>Itai Itai disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a common source of food allergens?

    <p>Any food can act as an allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of health impact can result from food-drug interactions?

    <p>Altered excretion or activation of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of compounds, like BPA, are known to disrupt endocrine functions?

    <p>Endocrine disrupting compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Principles of Teratology

    • Windows of Susceptibility: The developmental stage at the time of exposure to a toxicant greatly influences the outcome.
    • Organogenesis: Embryonic stage of organ formation, highly sensitive to malformations.
    • Fetal Period: Sensitive period for functional deficits, some cancers (9-38 weeks of development).
    • Developmental Toxicants:
      • Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Administered to pregnant women to prevent pregnancy complications, led to increased vaginal cancer risk and infertility in offspring.
      • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Leading cause of cognitive defects in the US, characterized by facial anomalies, heart malformations, and more. Alcohol inhibits retinoic acid, crucial for development.
      • Methyl Mercury (Minamata): Biomagnification of methyl mercury in fish led to cognitive deficits and skeletal deformities in children of women who consumed contaminated fish.
      • Thalidomide: Administered to pregnant women for morning sickness, caused severe malformations in limbs, heart, intestines, and other organs.

    Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenesis

    • Cytotoxicity: High doses of toxicants cause cell death, leading to prolonged regenerative growth and increased risk of DNA mutations and tumor formation.
    • Oxidative Stress: Toxicants induce oxidative stress, affecting cellular antioxidant defenses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate signaling pathways that can lead to cell proliferation.
    • Inflammation: Chronic toxicant exposure leads to persistent inflammation mediated by immune cells, releasing ROS and contributing to cell damage and tumor development.
    • Receptor-Mediated: Toxicants can interact with receptors, altering gene expression and influencing cell proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation.

    Air Pollution Toxicology

    • Bhopal Disaster: Release of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas caused widespread health effects in Bhopal, India, including respiratory and ocular problems.
    • Clean Air Act of 1970: Led to significant improvements in air quality and economic success in the US.
    • Indoor Air Pollution: A major health concern in the developing world, often due to incomplete combustion of fuels.
    • Health Effects: Air pollution contributes to lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and brain damage.
    • Cardiopulmonary Effects: Air pollution enters the body through the lungs, leading to inflammation and oxidative stress, damaging lung cells and affecting heart function.
    • Brain Effects: Air pollution impacts brain function by causing inflammation, oxidative stress, and impairing the blood-brain barrier.

    Food Toxicology

    • Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938): Regulates food safety, including the addition of substances considered Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS).
    • Food Additives: Safety evaluation considers the purpose, food type, concentration, and target population.
    • Dietary Supplements: Regarded as foods, with a lower safety standard than food additives.
    • Carcinogens: Proposition 65 (California) requires labeling of products containing known carcinogens.
    • Food Allergies: Immune-mediated reactions, ranging from skin rashes to anaphylaxis.
    • Food-Drug Interactions: Some foods can interfere with drug metabolism and absorption.
    • Toxicants in Food:
      • Cadmium (Cd): Accumulates in the body, can lead to bone damage and other health problems.
      • Heterocyclic Amines: Formed during grilling, contribute to cancer risk.
      • Acrylamide: A probable human carcinogen, formed during high-temperature cooking.
      • PFAS: Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, persistent in the environment and potentially harmful.
      • Lead-Glazed Ceramics: Lead leaching can occur from lead-glazed pottery, especially when used with acidic foods.
      • Aflatoxin: A potent carcinogen produced by mold, can bind to DNA and cause mutations, leading to cancer.

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    Description

    Explore the critical aspects of teratology in this quiz, focusing on the impact of developmental stages and exposure to toxicants. Learn about significant developmental toxicants and their effects on fetal development, including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the consequences of medications like Thalidomide. Test your knowledge on the sensitive windows of susceptibility and organogenesis.

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