General Physiology Review Questions

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes homeostasis?

Maintenance of body function at the optimum level at all times

Multiple systems working cooperatively to maintain body function at an optimal level

Multiple systems working cooperatively to maintain body function within normal limits (correct)

Maintenance of body functions

What component of the homeostatic regulatory mechanism detects a stimulus?

A control center

An efferent pathway

A receptor (correct)

An effector

Which scenario is an example of positive feedback?

Increased heart rate during exercise to meet oxygen demand

Blood glucose level rising after a meal, which causes the release of insulin to decrease blood glucose

A blood clot that results in the release of factors that stimulate more blood clotting (correct)

Body temperature rising during hot weather, resulting in sweating

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing fatty acids and steroids?

Smooth ER Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the nucleus is true?

It is where most of the cell’s hereditary units are located Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

Increasing glucose absorption in muscle and fat cells Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism primarily operates to maintain cardiovascular homeostasis?

Neural regulation through baroreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which system plays a vital role in hormonal regulation?

Endocrine system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of blood that lacks fibrinogen and other clotting factors?

Serum Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is primarily responsible for coordinating skilled movements and regulating posture and balance?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

What type of aphasia results from damage to Broca’s speech area?

Nonfluent aphasia Signup and view all the answers

The dominant adrenergic receptor primarily found in the heart is known as:

Beta 1 Signup and view all the answers

Erythropoietin, which directly controls erythrocyte production, is primarily produced in which organ?

Kidneys Signup and view all the answers

Damage to Wernicke’s speech area leads to which type of aphasia?

Fluent aphasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thrombopoietin in the body?

Stimulates platelet production Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is often referred to as the 'seat of intelligence'?

Cerebrum Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for cell-mediated acquired immunity?

T-lymphocyte Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve stimulates the parotid gland to secrete saliva?

CN IX Signup and view all the answers

An elevated white blood cell count of 15,000 in a 30-year-old male is most indicative of what condition?

Leukocytosis Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is essential for the formation of clotting factors in the liver?

Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets first adhere to which structure?

Sub-endothelial matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest myocardium?

Left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct route of blood flow from the systemic circulation through the heart?

Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve Signup and view all the answers

What do hormones primarily regulate in the body?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Physiology Review Questions

Homeostasis: Multiple systems working together to maintain body functions within normal limits, at an optimal level at all times.
Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanism: Components include a receptor that detects a stimulus, a control center that processes information, and an effector that responds to the stimulus.
Positive Feedback: Enhances the original stimulus, like blood clotting. Good examples are blood clotting and shivering.
Proteins Responding To Hormones: Receptor proteins bind to hormones or other trigger molecules to initiate specific cell responses.
Water Diffusion: Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Oxygen Cell Entry: Oxygen enters cells via diffusion.
Cell Membrane Composition: Cell membranes contain phospholipids, cholesterol, but not galactose or nucleic acid.
Organelle Function: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) helps in synthesizing fatty acids and steroids, and liver detoxification.
Nucleus Role: The nucleus houses DNA and is responsible for ribosome synthesis and storing chromatin.
Protein Synthesis Location: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, both free and attached.
Protein Synthesis Sequence: Proteins are synthesized in a sequence: DNA template making mRNA, mRNA leaving nucleus, mRNA attaching to ribosome, ribosomes reading mRNA to synthesize proteins.
Sodium-Potassium Pump Ratio: The sodium-potassium pump has a 3:2 ratio in transport.
Muscle Contraction Speed: Skeletal muscle has the fastest contraction speed.
Muscle Contraction Duration: Smooth muscle has the longest duration of contraction.
Transcription: The copying of DNA message onto mRNA.
Chromatin: DNA in nondividing cells is in the form of chromatin, a less condensed form.
Muscle Contraction Calcium Requirement: Calcium binds to troponin, allowing actin and myosin to interact, which is required for skeletal muscle contraction.
Calcium Ion Storage: Sarcoplasmic reticulum is responsible to store calcium ions similar to smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
DNA Copying (transcription): GGCAGACTT becomes CCGUCUGAA

Cranial Nerves & Physiology

Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory
Autonomic Preganglionic Fibers: Cholinergic
Neurotransmitter in Autonomic Nerves: Acetylcholine (in preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nerves and preganglionic sympathetic nerves)

Brain Regions & Functions

Medulla Oblongata: Controls breathing, heart rate, blood vessel diameter and vomiting/coughing
Broca's Area Damage: Results in nonfluent aphasia.
Wernicke's Area Damage: Results in fluent aphasia.
Cerebellum Function: Coordinates skilled movements and posture
Parietal Lobe: Coordinates skilled movements, posture, and balance
Intelligence Seat: The cerebrum is the "seat of intelligence."

Blood & Cardiovascular

RBC Count Norm (Men): 13-18 grams per deciliter.
WBC Count Norm: 5,000-10,000 per liter of blood.
Platelet Count Norm: 150,000 - 400,000 per microliter of blood.
Types Of Blood Vessels Arteries, Veins, Capillaries
Most Important Vessel for Peripheral Resistance: Arterioles
Oxygen Carrying Protein: Hemoglobin
Blood Pressure Measurement: Diastolic pressure is indicated by the sound disappearance while the cuff is deflated.
Pacemaker SA node(Sinoatrial node)

Blood Clotting & Transfusion Reactions

Clotting Factor Formation: Vitamin K is necessary for liver formation of clotting factors.
Transfusion Reaction: A transfusion reaction can occur if the recipient's blood type is incompatible with the donor's blood type.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in general physiology through a series of review questions. Topics include homeostasis, feedback mechanisms, cellular responses, and membrane composition. Perfect for reinforcing essential physiological principles.