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Questions and Answers
What percentage of total body weight is primarily composed of water in adult males?
What percentage of total body weight is primarily composed of water in adult males?
Which component accounts for the largest percentage of the human body weight?
Which component accounts for the largest percentage of the human body weight?
What is the primary reason for adult females having a lower percentage of body water compared to males?
What is the primary reason for adult females having a lower percentage of body water compared to males?
How much of the total body weight is composed of lipids?
How much of the total body weight is composed of lipids?
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Which body system is responsible for hormone secretion?
Which body system is responsible for hormone secretion?
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What percentage range represents total body water in elderly individuals?
What percentage range represents total body water in elderly individuals?
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Which type of fluid makes up about 40% of body weight?
Which type of fluid makes up about 40% of body weight?
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What factor can reduce the overall body water content in an individual?
What factor can reduce the overall body water content in an individual?
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Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?
Which factor does NOT affect the rate of diffusion?
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What is the primary function of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump?
What is the primary function of the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump?
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Which type of transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using energy?
Which type of transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using energy?
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In secondary active transport, how is energy utilized?
In secondary active transport, how is energy utilized?
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Which of the following best describes the role of temperature in diffusion?
Which of the following best describes the role of temperature in diffusion?
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What type of transport is characterized by the movement of large molecules via vesicles?
What type of transport is characterized by the movement of large molecules via vesicles?
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What best represents a symport in secondary active transport?
What best represents a symport in secondary active transport?
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Which type of diffusion requires a higher concentration outside the cell compared to inside?
Which type of diffusion requires a higher concentration outside the cell compared to inside?
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What role does water play as a building material in the human body?
What role does water play as a building material in the human body?
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What is true regarding passive transport across the cell membrane?
What is true regarding passive transport across the cell membrane?
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Which of the following accurately describes osmosis?
Which of the following accurately describes osmosis?
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What is a characteristic of active transport?
What is a characteristic of active transport?
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How does water contribute to thermoregulation in the body?
How does water contribute to thermoregulation in the body?
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Which statement regarding the transport of ions is correct?
Which statement regarding the transport of ions is correct?
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What is facilitated diffusion?
What is facilitated diffusion?
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What is one of the important functions of water in the cellular environment?
What is one of the important functions of water in the cellular environment?
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Study Notes
General Physiology
- The human body comprises a variety of molecules
- Water (H₂O) accounts for about 60% of total body weight
- Proteins make up about 18% of body weight
- Lipids (fats) constitute around 15% of body weight
- Minerals represent roughly 5% of body weight.
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are essential components
- Carbohydrates account for less than 1% of body weight, stored in liver and muscles as glycogen
Body Planes
- Sagittal plane
- Coronal plane
- Transverse plane
Organ Systems
- Integumentary system (Skin, hair, nails)
- Skeletal system (Bones, joints)
- Muscular system (Skeletal muscles)
- Nervous system (Brain, spinal cord, nerves)
- Endocrine system (Glands secreting hormones)
- Cardiovascular system (Heart, blood vessels)
- Lymphatic system (Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels)
- Respiratory system (Lungs, airways)
- Digestive system (Stomach, intestines, liver)
- Urinary system (Kidneys, bladder)
- Reproductive system (Ovaries/testes, associated organs)
Total Body Water (TBW)
- TBW comprises 55-60% of body weight in adult males
- Percentage varies with age, sex, and obesity
- Adult females typically have 50-55% TBW
- A 70kg man has approximately 42 liters of body water
Distribution of Body Water
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) is about 40% of body weight, located inside cells
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) is about 20% of body weight, outside cells (interstitial fluid 15%, plasma 5%)
Variations in Body Water
- Age: Infants (75-80%), Children (65-70%), Adults (Males 60%, Females 55%), Elderly (50-55%)
- Sex: Males (generally 60%) have more muscle mass; females (50-55%) have more body fat
Body Composition
- Muscle mass correlates with higher body water
- Body fat is associated with lower body water
Health Status
- Dehydration reduces body water content
- Overhydration increases body water content
Function of Body Water
- Building material: Essential for all cells especially during growth
- Solvent: Dissolves ionic compounds, glucose, and amino acids
- Carrier: Transports nutrients and removes wastes, facilitating exchanges between cells, interstitial fluid and capillaries
- Thermoregulation: Water's high heat capacity helps regulate body temperature
- Lubricant/Shock absorber: Forms fluids for joints, protecting them
High Extracellular Fluid Contents
- Na+, Cl-, Bicarbonate
- Ion Concentrations include:
- Na+
- K+
- Ca++
- Mg++
- Cl-
- HCO3
- Phosphates
- SO4
- Glucose
- Amino acids
- Cholesterol
- Phospholipids
- Neutral fat
- PO₂
- PCO₂
- pH
- Proteins
High Intracellular Fluid Contents
- K+, Mg++, pH, Proteins
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Mechanisms include passive and active transport, as well as bulk transport.
1- Passive Transport
- Movement down the concentration gradient
- Does not require cellular energy (ATP)
- Includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
- Influenced by factors like concentration gradient, temperature, diffusion distance, surface area, molecular size, solubility
Types of Passive Transport
- Simple Diffusion: Small molecules move directly through the lipid bilayer
- Facilitated Diffusion: Larger molecules use protein channels or carriers
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
Factors Affecting Diffusion
- Concentration Gradient: Greater difference leads to faster diffusion.
- Temperature: Higher temperature results in faster diffusion.
- Diffusion Distance: Thicker membranes slow diffusion.
- Surface Area: Larger areas allow for more diffusion.
- Molecular Size: Smaller molecules diffuse faster.
- Solubility: Lipid-soluble substances diffuse more readily.
2- Active Transport
- Movement against the concentration gradient
- Requires cellular energy (ATP)
-
Types:
- Primary Active Transport: Direct use of ATP to transport molecules. Example: Na+/K+-ATPase pump
- Secondary Active Transport: Uses energy from primary active transport to transport another molecule. Example: Sodium-glucose co-transporter
Functions of Na+/K+-ATPase Pump
- Resting Membrane Potential
- Regulation of Cell Volume
- Nerve Impulse Transmission
- Muscle Contraction
3- Bulk Transport
- Movement of large molecules/particles via vesicles.
-
Types:
- Endocytosis: Cell membrane engulfs materials into vesicles (Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis and Receptor-Mediated)
- Exocytosis: Vesicles fuse with cell membrane, releasing contents outside the cell. Example: secretion of neurotransmitters from neurons
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Description
Explore the fundamental aspects of human physiology, including the composition of the body and the various organ systems. Understand the role of molecules like water, proteins, and lipids in body weight, as well as the different anatomical planes. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of how the human body functions.
