Podcast
Questions and Answers
The basic living unit of the body is the tissue.
The basic living unit of the body is the tissue.
False
The cell membrane is composed of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
The cell membrane is composed of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
True
The lipid layer of the cell membrane is impermeable to fat-soluble substances.
The lipid layer of the cell membrane is impermeable to fat-soluble substances.
False
Integral proteins provide structural integrity to the cell membrane.
Integral proteins provide structural integrity to the cell membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
The extracellular fluid is the fluid found inside the cell.
The extracellular fluid is the fluid found inside the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Channel proteins provide a route for diffusion of water-soluble substances like glucose and electrolytes.
Channel proteins provide a route for diffusion of water-soluble substances like glucose and electrolytes.
Signup and view all the answers
The protein layers of the cell membrane are found only on one side of the lipid layer.
The protein layers of the cell membrane are found only on one side of the lipid layer.
Signup and view all the answers
Receptor proteins serve as antigen sites for intermediate substances.
Receptor proteins serve as antigen sites for intermediate substances.
Signup and view all the answers
Glycocalyx is a thick and rigid covering over the cell membrane.
Glycocalyx is a thick and rigid covering over the cell membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
Carbohydrates make up 40% of the cell membrane composition.
Carbohydrates make up 40% of the cell membrane composition.
Signup and view all the answers
Water-soluble materials can easily pass through the lipid layer of the cell membrane.
Water-soluble materials can easily pass through the lipid layer of the cell membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
The cytoplasm contains a clear liquid portion called cytosol.
The cytoplasm contains a clear liquid portion called cytosol.
Signup and view all the answers
All organelles in the cytoplasm are bounded by a limiting membrane.
All organelles in the cytoplasm are bounded by a limiting membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
Some carbohydrate molecules form receptors for certain hormones.
Some carbohydrate molecules form receptors for certain hormones.
Signup and view all the answers
Endoplasmic reticulum is made up of tubules and microsomal vesicles.
Endoplasmic reticulum is made up of tubules and microsomal vesicles.
Signup and view all the answers
Carbohydrate molecules are positively charged and facilitate the movement of negatively charged substances.
Carbohydrate molecules are positively charged and facilitate the movement of negatively charged substances.
Signup and view all the answers
The Golgi apparatus is present in all cells, including red blood cells.
The Golgi apparatus is present in all cells, including red blood cells.
Signup and view all the answers
The cis face of the Golgi apparatus is located near the cell membrane.
The cis face of the Golgi apparatus is located near the cell membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
Lysosomes are filled with enzymes synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomes are filled with enzymes synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Signup and view all the answers
Primary lysosomes are active lysosomes that can digest substances.
Primary lysosomes are active lysosomes that can digest substances.
Signup and view all the answers
Lysosomes digest unwanted substances using enzymes like proteases and lipases.
Lysosomes digest unwanted substances using enzymes like proteases and lipases.
Signup and view all the answers
Secondary lysosomes are formed by the fusion of primary lysosomes with phagosomes.
Secondary lysosomes are formed by the fusion of primary lysosomes with phagosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
The Golgi apparatus functions like a post office by processing and packing substances.
The Golgi apparatus functions like a post office by processing and packing substances.
Signup and view all the answers
All lysosomes have secretory functions.
All lysosomes have secretory functions.
Signup and view all the answers
Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase.
Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase.
Signup and view all the answers
The mitochondrion is described as a cylindrical structure.
The mitochondrion is described as a cylindrical structure.
Signup and view all the answers
The centrosome consists of two structures called centrioles.
The centrosome consists of two structures called centrioles.
Signup and view all the answers
Secretory vesicles are formed solely in the mitochondrion.
Secretory vesicles are formed solely in the mitochondrion.
Signup and view all the answers
Mitochondria are often referred to as the 'Power house of the cell'.
Mitochondria are often referred to as the 'Power house of the cell'.
Signup and view all the answers
Peroxisomes participate in the formation of myelin and bile acids.
Peroxisomes participate in the formation of myelin and bile acids.
Signup and view all the answers
Cristae are folds found in the outer membrane of the mitochondrion.
Cristae are folds found in the outer membrane of the mitochondrion.
Signup and view all the answers
Mitochondria are the only organelles that contain their own DNA.
Mitochondria are the only organelles that contain their own DNA.
Signup and view all the answers
Mitochondria are involved in apoptosis.
Mitochondria are involved in apoptosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Ribosomes have a diameter of 25 nm.
Ribosomes have a diameter of 25 nm.
Signup and view all the answers
Ribosomes are known as protein factories.
Ribosomes are known as protein factories.
Signup and view all the answers
Free ribosomes synthesize enzymes and hormonal proteins.
Free ribosomes synthesize enzymes and hormonal proteins.
Signup and view all the answers
Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells contain a nucleus.
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleus is covered by a double layered membrane.
The nucleus is covered by a double layered membrane.
Signup and view all the answers
Chromatin threads become chromosomes only after cell division.
Chromatin threads become chromosomes only after cell division.
Signup and view all the answers
Microtubules provide mechanical support to the cell.
Microtubules provide mechanical support to the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleolus contains RNA and some proteins similar to those found in ribosomes.
The nucleolus contains RNA and some proteins similar to those found in ribosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
Necrosis is the programmed cell death controlled by genes.
Necrosis is the programmed cell death controlled by genes.
Signup and view all the answers
Apoptosis is often referred to as 'cell suicide'.
Apoptosis is often referred to as 'cell suicide'.
Signup and view all the answers
In the context of cell death, necrosis is also referred to as 'cell suicide'.
In the context of cell death, necrosis is also referred to as 'cell suicide'.
Signup and view all the answers
The nucleus synthesizes RNA and sends genetic instructions to the cytoplasm.
The nucleus synthesizes RNA and sends genetic instructions to the cytoplasm.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
General Physiology (Cell)
- Physiology is the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.
- General physiology focuses on the fundamental processes of living cells.
Introduction
- Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of the living body.
- Tissue: A group of cells with similar function.
- Organs: Structures formed by two or more primary tissues.
- Systems: A group of organs working together to perform a specific function.
Cell
- The basic living unit of the body.
- Composed of a cell body and a cell membrane (plasma membrane).
- Important cell parts include the cell membrane, cytoplasm and cell nucleus.
Cell Membrane
- A protective sheath that surrounds the cell body.
- Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF).
- Semipermeable, allowing the exchange of certain substances between ECF and ICF.
- Composed of proteins (55%), lipids (40%), and carbohydrates (5%).
- Contains a lipid bilayer structure(phospholipids and cholesterol).
- Semipermeable, allowing the exchange of fat-soluble substances (oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol), but not water-soluble substances (glucose, urea, electrolytes).
- Contains various protein types (globular, alpha-helix, channel, integral, peripheral proteins).
- Proteins in the membrane form glycoproteins, allowing tight cell fixation.
- Carbohydrates form a thin layer called glycocalyx (pericellular matrix).
- Glycoproteins & glycolipids act as cell receptors for hormones.
- Negatively charged carbohydrates prevent negatively charged substances from entering/exiting.
Cytoplasm
- The fluid inside the cell.
- Contains cytosol (clear liquid) and various substances (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, electrolytes).
- Also contains organelles (with and without membranes).
Organelles in Cytoplasm
- With Limiting membrane: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Centrosome & Centriole, Secretory Vesicles, Mitochondrion.
- Without Limiting membrane: Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Interconnected network of tubules and vesicles.
- Acts as a link between organelles and cell membrane.
- Two types: rough (studded with ribosomes) and smooth (no ribosomes).
Golgi Apparatus
- Located near the nucleus.
- Consists of both cis face (near endoplasmic reticulum) and trans face (near the cell membrane).
- Functions like a post office — processing, packaging, and delivering substances (proteins and lipids) to different parts of the cell or outside the cell.
- Also functions as a cell's shipping department - sorting and labeling materials.
Lysosomes
- Small globular structures filled with enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes like proteases, lipases, amylases, and nucleases).
- Digest and remove unwanted substances.
- Involved in removing excess secretory products.
- Responsible for secretory functions in immune cells.
- Two types: Primary (inactive) and secondary (active).
Peroxisomes
- Pinched off from endoplasmic reticulum.
- Contain oxidative enzymes (catalase, urate oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase).
- Important for detoxification and breaking down excess fatty acids and other substances
- Crucial for gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose)
- Involved in the formation of myelin and bile.
- Sometimes known as micro bodies.
Centrosome & Centriole
- Located near the nucleus.
- Composed of two centrioles.
- Important for chromosome movement during cell division.
Secretory Vesicles
- Globular structures.
- Formed in the endoplasmic reticulum and processed in the Golgi apparatus.
- Release secretory substances into the cytoplasm when needed.
- These substances can be processed, sorted, packaged, and transported elsewhere.
Mitochondrion
- Rod-shaped structure with a double membrane.
- Inner membrane has folds called cristae.
- Site of ATP production (energy production through oxidative phosphorylation).
- Contains its own DNA.
Ribosomes
- Small granular structures (15 nm).
- Located on rough endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm.
- Made up of proteins (35%) and RNA (65%).
- Sites for protein synthesis.
Cytoskeleton
- Complex network of protein fibers.
- Gives the cell shape, support, and stability.
- Plays a role in cell movements and responses to external stimuli.
- Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Cell Nucleus
- Spherical structure near the cell center.
- Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.
- Enclosed by a double-layered membrane (nuclear envelope), containing pores.
- Contains nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleolus.
- The chromatin threads become rod-shaped chromosomes during cell division.
- Contains the RNA and proteins.
- Site for genetic control and synthesis of RNA.
- Involved in cell division and protein synthesis.
Cell Death
- Two main types: Apoptosis and Necrosis
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death under genetic control. This is a normal process, helpful for development. It's often called cell suicide because genes of the cell are involved.
- Necrosis: Uncontrolled and unprogrammed cell death due to external or internal damage such as injury, toxins, and infection. It's often called cell murder because the cell is killed externally. Uncontrolled death. Chemical substances from dead cells cause damage to neighboring tissues.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamentals of cell physiology, including the structure and functions of cells, tissues, organs, and systems. This quiz covers essential concepts of living cells, their components, and the role of the cell membrane. Test your understanding of the basics of physiology.
