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Questions and Answers
What is one function of cell membrane proteins?
What is one function of cell membrane proteins?
Cholesterol molecules in the cell membrane are hydrophilic.
Cholesterol molecules in the cell membrane are hydrophilic.
False
What percentage of the body of a normal adult male is composed of water?
What percentage of the body of a normal adult male is composed of water?
60%
The process of _____ involves the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the need for energy.
The process of _____ involves the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without the need for energy.
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Which type of transport requires energy?
Which type of transport requires energy?
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Match the following components with their relevant function:
Match the following components with their relevant function:
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Increased temperature decreases the rate of diffusion.
Increased temperature decreases the rate of diffusion.
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Name two factors that affect the rate of diffusion.
Name two factors that affect the rate of diffusion.
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What type of transport requires energy in the form of ATP?
What type of transport requires energy in the form of ATP?
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Facilitated diffusion occurs against the concentration gradient.
Facilitated diffusion occurs against the concentration gradient.
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What are the two types of bulk transport?
What are the two types of bulk transport?
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___ is the process where cells engulf large particles as part of bulk transport.
___ is the process where cells engulf large particles as part of bulk transport.
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Which system is responsible for communication via hormones?
Which system is responsible for communication via hormones?
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Match the type of transport with its description:
Match the type of transport with its description:
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Homeostasis involves maintaining a constant internal environment.
Homeostasis involves maintaining a constant internal environment.
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What is one example of a receptor that detects changes in the body’s internal environment?
What is one example of a receptor that detects changes in the body’s internal environment?
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What is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?
What is the basic structural and functional unit of the body?
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The extracellular fluid (ECF) refers to the fluid contained inside the cells.
The extracellular fluid (ECF) refers to the fluid contained inside the cells.
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What is the role of integral proteins in the cell membrane?
What is the role of integral proteins in the cell membrane?
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The two nonpolar tails of a phospholipid molecule are made up of _____ chains.
The two nonpolar tails of a phospholipid molecule are made up of _____ chains.
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Match the following cell components with their functions:
Match the following cell components with their functions:
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Which level of structural organization in the body consists of a group of cells with similar structure and function?
Which level of structural organization in the body consists of a group of cells with similar structure and function?
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What is ATP and why is it important?
What is ATP and why is it important?
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Peripheral proteins are required to penetrate the cell membrane to perform their function.
Peripheral proteins are required to penetrate the cell membrane to perform their function.
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Study Notes
Introduction to General Physiology
- General Physiology is a subject in BMS114.
- Science is magic, that works.
Levels of Structural Organization in the Body
- Cellular Level: The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of the body.
- Tissue Level: A group of similar cells with similar structure and function.
- Organ Level: An organ is a collection of similar tissues that carry out a specific function.
- System Level: A collection of related organs that work together to perform a complex function.
Cell Structures and Functions
-
Cell Membrane: A thin membrane that encloses the cell, separating its contents from the surrounding environment.
- The fluid within the cell is called intracellular fluid (ICF).
- The fluid outside the cell is called extracellular fluid (ECF).
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins interspersed within it.
- Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- The bilayer structure gives flexibility and selective permeability.
- Proteins in the cell membrane include integral proteins, which pass all the way through the membrane, and peripheral proteins, which are only attached to on surface.
- Some proteins form complexes with carbohydrates, important for self-recognition.
- Cholesterol embedded in the bilayer affects membrane permeability.
-
Cellular Respiration.
- ATP source of energy for the body
- Processing and packaging of substances formed in RER.
- Secretory vesicle storage.
- Protein synthesis
-
Cellular Subdivisions:
- Plasma membrane
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
-
Many cells share common features despite different structures and functions.
Functions of Cell Membrane Proteins
- Structural proteins
- Passive Channels: Non-gated and gated channels (voltage & ligand gated).
- Facilitated Diffusion Carriers
- Active Transport Carriers/Pumps
- Receptors
Body Compartments
- The body of a normal adult male is comprised of:
- 60% water (Total Body Water (TBW))
- 18% protein
- 15% fat
- 7% minerals
Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membrane
- Passive Transport
- Simple Diffusion: movement of small substances from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.
- Facilitated Diffusion: needs carrier and concentration gradient but no energy.
- Active Transport
- Primary Active Transport: energy provided directly by ATP. e.g. Sodium-Potassium Pump.
- Secondary Active Transport: Energy from electrochemical gradient created by pumps.
- Bulk
- Endocytosis: movement of molecules into the cell (e.g. Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis)
- Exocytosis: movement of molecules out of the cell
Homeostasis
- Maintenance of a constant internal environment (extracellular fluid) within the body.
- Body has mechanisms to keep cells in constant environment.
- Example: body temperature regulation.
Components of a Homeostatic System
- Receptors: detect changes in internal environment.
- Integrating Center: processes information and sets a set point.
- Effectors: respond to maintain set point.
- Communication System: links different parts together (e.g., nerves, hormones).
Types of Communication Systems
- Endocrine System: communication via hormones.
- Nervous System: communication via nerve impulses.
Components of Homeostatic Control Systems
- Stimulus
- Receptor
- Integrating Center
- Effector
- Response
- Feedback
Feedback Mechanisms
- Negative Feedback: minimizes the initial change. Example: regulation of body temperature.
- Positive Feedback: aggravates the initial change. Example: blood coagulation , action potential, delivery of the baby.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in General Physiology as part of the BMS114 course. Explore different levels of structural organization in the body, including cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels. Test your knowledge on cell structures, their functions, and key physiological principles.
