General Physics (Phys1011) Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a measurement?

  • The act of combining multiple physical quantities.
  • An estimation of physical quantities without using standard units.
  • A comparison between different physical quantities.
  • The process of finding the size or amount of a physical quantity using a standard unit. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a fundamental quantity?

  • Area (correct)
  • Length
  • Electric current
  • Time

What is the symbol for the fundamental quantity of mass?

  • m
  • g
  • M (correct)
  • kg

Which term describes a continuous change in position of an object relative to a reference point?

<p>Motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is density expressed in terms of fundamental quantities?

<p>kg/m3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion occurs when an object moves in a straight line?

<p>Translational motion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the dimensional formula [x] = [l]a [m]b [t]c [I]d [T]e [n]f [Iv]g, what does 'L' represent?

<p>Length (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating error in measurements?

<p>Error = observed value - true value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the statement that measurements are always uncertain?

<p>Experimental design can improve measurement accuracy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about distance?

<p>It is always indicated by a positive number. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the accuracy of measurements?

<p>The color of the measured object (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for average speed?

<p>Average speed = ∆x/∆t (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following derived quantities is expressed using the unit 'm2'?

<p>Area (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dimension of a physical quantity expressed as [ρ] = ML−3 represents which of the following?

<p>Density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of error arises from a measuring device being out of calibration?

<p>Systematic error (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is velocity different from speed?

<p>Velocity includes the direction of motion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which kind of motion does not consider the causes of motion?

<p>Kinematics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes random errors?

<p>They are unpredictable and occur in all measurements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does displacement measure?

<p>The shortest distance between initial and final positions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'precision' in measurements?

<p>Closeness of a measured value to each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what dimension does motion described as being in a plane occur?

<p>Two dimensions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of random errors when taking multiple measurements?

<p>They can be minimized by averaging results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of error can be reduced by averaging multiple measurements?

<p>Random error (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of error cannot be reduced by averaging measurements?

<p>Systematic error (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the magnitude of a vector?

<p>The length of the arrow representing the vector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition are two vectors considered equal?

<p>They have the same magnitude and direction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does multiplying a vector by a scalar greater than zero affect the vector?

<p>It changes its magnitude only (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a resultant vector?

<p>A single vector that is the sum of two or more vectors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for adding two vectors geometrically?

<p>Tail-to-head method (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when you subtract vector B from vector A?

<p>You add the negative of vector B to vector A (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the sum of two vectors is zero, what can be inferred about those vectors?

<p>They are in opposite directions with equal magnitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the parallelogram rule, what are the vectors considered?

<p>The adjacent sides of the parallelogram (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the acceleration vector in two-dimensional motion?

<p>⃗a = ax î + ay ĵ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In projectile motion, what characterizes the y-direction motion?

<p>It is described by the equation $ay = -g$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary assumption made regarding air resistance in projectile motion?

<p>Air resistance is negligible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which equation is used to determine the final position in two-dimensional motion?

<p>xf = xi + vi t + 1/2 at^2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape does the trajectory of a projectile describe?

<p>Parabola (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the horizontal motion of a projectile?

<p>It has a constant velocity with no horizontal forces acting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When calculating displacement in two-dimensional motion, which vectors are combined?

<p>The initial and final position vectors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol 'g' represent in the context of projectile motion?

<p>Acceleration due to gravity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the components of vector A in a rectangular coordinate system?

<p>Ax, Ay, Az (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can vector subtraction be performed?

<p>By adding the negative of the second vector to the first vector (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unit vector?

<p>A vector with a magnitude of one (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the expression for vector R as $\vec{R} = \vec{A} + \vec{B}$, what are the resultant components?

<p>Rx = Ax + Bx, Ry = Ay + By, Rz = Az + Bz (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit vector in the direction of vector $\vec{A}$?

<p>$\hat{u} = \frac{\vec{A}}{||A||}$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents unit vectors in the Cartesian coordinate system?

<p>î, ĵ, k̂ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the vector $\vec{r}$ is given by $x î + y ĵ + z k̂$, what is the unit vector $\hat{r}$ in the same direction?

<p>$\hat{r} = \frac{x î + y ĵ + z k̂}{||\vec{r}||}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the vectors $\hat{i}, \hat{j}, \hat{k}$ denote in three-dimensional space?

<p>Unit vectors in the directions of the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Measurement

The process of finding the size or amount of a physical quantity using a standard unit.

Fundamental Quantities

Quantities that cannot be expressed in terms of other physical quantities.

Derived Quantities

Quantities that can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities.

Basic Unit

The smallest unit of a physical quantity. For example, the meter (m) is the basic unit of length.

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Dimensional Formula

A way to represent the dimensions of a physical quantity using letters representing fundamental quantities.

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Uncertainty in Measurement

The degree of precision in a measurement.

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Significant Digits

A system of expressing the reliability of a measurement by considering the number of significant digits.

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Basic Unit

The smallest unit of a physical quantity. For example, the meter (m) is the basic unit of length.

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Error

The difference between the observed value and the true value of a physical quantity.

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Random Error

Unpredictable variations in measurements caused by factors like equipment, environment, or observer estimation.

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Systematic Error

Consistent deviations in measurements caused by faulty equipment, incorrect calibration, or a flawed procedure.

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Accuracy

The closeness of a measured value to the true value of a quantity.

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Precision

The closeness of a set of measurements to each other.

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Relative Error

The difference between a measurement and the true value expressed as a fraction of the true value.

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Absolute Error

The absolute value of the difference between a measurement and the true value.

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Measurement with Uncertainty

A way to express a measurement, including the best estimate and the uncertainty.

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Magnitude of a Vector

A positive scalar value representing the length of a vector.

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Equality of Two Vectors

Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and direction. Their position in space does not matter.

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What is motion?

The continuous alteration of an object's position relative to a reference point.

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Changes in a Vector

A change in either the magnitude, direction, or both affects the vector.

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What is kinematics?

Describes the motion of an object without considering the forces causing it. Uses quantities like velocity, acceleration, displacement, and time.

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What is distance?

The total distance an object travels from its initial position to its final position. It's always a positive number.

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Scalar Multiplication of a Vector

Multiplying a vector by a scalar changes its magnitude, direction, or both, depending on the scalar value.

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What is displacement?

The shortest distance between an object's initial and final positions. It's a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.

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Resultant Vector

The single vector resulting from adding two or more vectors.

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Tail-to-Head Method (Triangle Rule)

A graphical method of adding vectors by placing the tail of one vector at the head of the other.

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What is speed?

The ratio of the distance travelled by an object to the time taken. It tells us how fast an object is moving.

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What is average speed?

The total distance travelled divided by the total time taken. It's always a positive number.

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Parallelogram Rule

A graphical method of adding vectors by forming a parallelogram with the vectors as adjacent sides. The diagonal of the parallelogram represents the resultant.

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What is velocity?

The rate of change of displacement over time. It tells us how fast an object is moving and in what direction.

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Subtraction of Vectors

Subtracting a vector is the same as adding its negative.

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What is average velocity?

The total displacement divided by the total time taken. It's a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.

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Unit Vector

A vector that has a magnitude of one and is dimensionless. It is used to indicate direction.

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Unit Vector in the Direction of another Vector (A)

A vector in the direction of another vector, but with a magnitude of one. It is obtained by dividing the vector by its magnitude.

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Components of a Vector

A vector can be broken down into its components along the x, y, and z axes. These components are represented by the scalar multiples of the unit vectors î, ĵ, and k̂ respectively.

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Rectangular Coordinate System (Cartesian)

A system where a point in space is defined by its coordinates on three perpendicular axes: x, y and z. It's used to represent vectors as the sum of their components.

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Adding Vectors Algebraically

Adding vectors algebraically involves adding their corresponding components. The sum of two vectors is a new vector with components that are the sum of the original components.

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Subtracting Vectors Algebraically

Subtracting vectors is like adding the negative of the second vector to the first vector. The negative of a vector is the same vector but pointing in the opposite direction.

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Components of the Resultant Vector

The components of the sum of two vectors are simply found by adding the corresponding components of the original vectors. For example, the x-component of the resultant vector is the sum of the x-components of the original vectors.

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Displacement (∆r)

The change in the position of an object, represented by a vector pointing from its initial to its final position.

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Projectile Motion: Horizontal Component

Velocity in the x-direction remains constant, meaning there is no acceleration in the x-direction.

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Projectile Motion: Acceleration due to Gravity (g)

The acceleration acting on an object due to gravity, which is always directed downwards.

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Projectile Motion: Trajectory

The path traced by a projectile during its motion, which is always a parabolic shape.

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Position Vector (r)

The vector that specifies the location of an object in space, with components along the x and y axes.

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Kinematics in Two Dimensions

The study of motion in two dimensions, considering both horizontal and vertical components.

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Projectile Motion: Vertical Component

A projectile motion's vertical component is a free-fall motion, meaning the object is only influenced by gravity.

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Projectile Motion: Acceleration (a)

A fundamental concept in physics that describes the rate of change of a projectile's velocity. It is zero in the x-direction for a projectile due to no force acting on the projectile horizontally.

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Study Notes

General Physics (Phys1011)

  • Course taught by Deresse Ahmed
  • Department of Physics, College of Natural and Computational Science
  • Contact: [email protected]
  • Date: November 4, 2024

Introduction

  • Physics is a fundamental Natural Science studying nature's laws and their manifestations.
  • Its main approaches are unification and reduction.
  • Physics has macroscopic (laboratory, terrestrial, astronomical scales) and microscopic (atomic, molecular, nuclear) domains.
  • Physics is exciting due to its beautiful and universal theories.
  • There's a constant interplay between physics and technology.
  • There are four fundamental forces in nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces.

Nature of Physical Laws

  • Physical laws deal with conserved quantities, i.e., those that remain constant during a process.
  • Important conservation laws include mass, energy, linear momentum, angular momentum, charge, and parity in specific cases
  • Conservation laws are strongly related to symmetries in nature.

Chapter 1: Preliminaries

  • Physical quantities consist of numerical value and associated units.

  • Measurement involves comparing a physical quantity to a standard.

  • Fundamental quantities (length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, amount of substance, luminous intensity) are basic units of measurement.

  • Derived quantities are quantities that can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities, such as area, volume, and density.

  • Measurement uncertainty is inherent due to limitations in measuring devices and procedures.

  • Random errors fluctuate unpredictably, while systematic errors consistently deviate from the true value.

  • Errors can be classified as absolute (difference between measured and accepted values) or relative (absolute error divided by the accepted value).

  • The significance of digits in measurements depends on the precision of the measuring instrument.

  • Vectors have both magnitude and direction.

  • The scalar product (dot product) of two vectors is a scalar value.

  • The vector product (cross product) of two vectors is a vector.

  • Vectors and their representations (geometric and algebraic).

  • Equality of vectors.

  • Addition and subtraction of vectors geometrically (tail-to-head, parallelogram) and algebraically (component-wise).

Kinematics and Dynamics of Particle

  • Mechanics studies motion and its causes
  • Kinematics describes motion without considering causes.
  • Dynamics considers the causes of motion (forces).
  • Statics deals with equilibrium.
  • Motion is continuous change in position relative to a reference point.

Kinematics in One Dimension

  • Kinematics in one dimension deals with motion along a straight line.
  • Key quantities include position, distance, displacement, speed, and velocity.
  • Instantaneous velocity is the velocity at a specific instant.
  • Average and instantaneous acceleration.

Kinematics in Two Dimensions

  • Projectile motion: motion in two dimensions under constant acceleration (gravity).
  • Assumptions of projectile motion: no air resistance, constant gravity.
  • Horizontal and vertical components of motion are independent.
  • Trajectory is parabolic.
  • Circular motion: uniform circular motion has constant speed, but changing velocity due to changing direction.
  • Key quantities include angular velocity, angular acceleration.
  • Tangential and radial acceleration components.

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Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in General Physics, including the laws of nature and their manifestations. It explores the macroscopic and microscopic domains of physics, emphasizing key conservation laws and the interplay between physics and technology.

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