General Physics 2: Electromagnetism and Maxwell's Equations

Electromagnetism

• James Clerk Maxwell developed the theory that explained the relationship between electricity and magnetism.

Wave Characteristics

• A longitudinal wave oscillates parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

Electromagnetic Induction

• A changing magnetic field induces an electric field.

Inductance

• Joseph Henry discovered the property of inductance in electrical circuits.

Wave Propagation

• Mechanical waves require a medium to propagate.

Electric Field Lines

• Electric field lines point away from positive charges and towards negative charges.

Sound Intensity

• The intensity of sound is measured in decibels (dB).

Doppler Effect

• The Doppler effect causes the apparent change in frequency of a wave when the source or observer is in motion.

Near-sightedness

• Concave lenses are used to correct near-sightedness.

Wavelength

• The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two consecutive peaks.

Electrical Power

• The unit of electrical power is the watt (W), which is equal to one ampere under the pressure of one volt.

Wave Interference

• When two waves are in phase and meet each other they constructively interfere.
• When two waves collide, one with a wavelength of 2 meters and the other with 4 meters, they will undergo interference.

Refraction

• Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.

Reflection

• Reflection is an abrupt change in the direction of propagation of a wave that strikes the boundary between different mediums.

Diffraction

• Diffraction is the bending of waves around obstacles or the edges of openings.

Law of Reflection

• The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Converging Lens

• A converging lens forms a real, inverted image when an object is placed beyond its focal point.

Polarization

• Unpolarized light passing through two filters results in polarized light.

Presbyopia

• Presbyopia is the loss of the eye's ability to focus on near objects due to the hardening of the lens.

Huygens' Principle

• Huygens' Principle states that every point on a wavefront can be considered a source of secondary wavelets.

Interference

• Combining two coherent waves with consideration for their phase difference results in interference patterns.

Visible Spectrum

• Red light is the color of light with the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum.

Refractive Errors

• A refractive error occurs when the image of a distant object is formed in front or behind the retina and not at the retina itself.

Ferromagnetism

• When a ferromagnetic material is removed from a magnetic field, it retains some magnetization.

Paramagnetism

• The induced magnetic field in paramagnetic materials is aligned with the applied magnetic field.

Diamagnetism

• An applied magnetic field weakens the magnetic field of diamagnetic materials.

Wave Period

• The period of a wave can be calculated with the formula T = 1/f, where T is the period and f is the frequency.

Electrostatic Interaction

• The interaction between particles with electric charge is known as electrostatic interaction.