Electromagnetism Laws: Maxwell's Equations Quiz and Flashcards

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves of electromagnetic radiation, which includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays. They are described by Maxwell's equations, a set of four fundamental equations in electricity and magnetism. These equations describe how electric and magnetic fields interact with each other and with charges and currents.

The four Maxwell's equations are:

Gauss's law for electric fields: This equation shows that the electric field is proportional to the charge density. It states that the sum of the second partial derivatives of the electrostatic potential V with respect to space coordinates x, y, and z equals to the product of the permittivity of free space, ε₀, and the charge density, ρ:
```
∇^2V = -ρ / ε₀
```
Gauss's law for magnetic fields: This equation relates magnetic fields to current densities. It states that the sum of the second partial derivatives of the vector potential A with respect to space coordinates x, y, and z equals to the product of the permeability of free space, μ₀, and the current density, J:
```
∇^2A = J / μ₀
```
Faraday's law of induction: This equation describes how changing magnetic fields produce electric fields. It states that the negative time derivative of the magnetic field B is equal to the cross product of the speed of light c, the electric field E, and the magnetic field B:
```
-dB/dt = -c * E × B
```
Ampere's law with Maxwell's correction: This equation relates electric fields to magnetic fields. It states that the negative time derivative of the electric field E is equal to the cross product of the speed of light c, the magnetic field B, and the charge density ρ:
```
-dE/dt = -c * B × ρ
```

These Maxwell's equations provide a mathematical framework for understanding the behavior of electromagnetic waves and their interactions with matter. They are fundamental to many areas of physics, including optics, electrodynamics, and quantum mechanics.