Questions and Answers
Which term refers to the study of the effects of drugs on living organisms?
What is the primary focus of clinical pharmacology?
What does pharmacokinetics study?
What does the term 'potency' refer to in pharmacology?
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Which definition best describes 'toxicology'?
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What does a 'generic drug' refer to?
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Which field of pharmacology focuses on the appropriate selection and use of drugs?
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What is 'chemotherapy' primarily concerned with?
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What does the term 'Generic Name' refer to in pharmaceuticals?
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What is the Half-life of a drug?
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What distinguishes Prophylactic Drugs from others?
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What is Tachyphylaxis?
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What is meant by the term 'Idiosynchratic reaction' in pharmaceuticals?
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Which type of drug is associated with healing or reversing a basic pathologic process?
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Which of the following best describes 'Empirical Drugs'?
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What does pharmacokinetics study?
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Which schedule classification includes substances with no accepted medical use?
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What is required for a prescription of Schedule 2 (C-II) substances?
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Under what conditions can Schedule 2 (C-II) prescriptions be refilled?
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How long can a Schedule 3 (C-III) prescription be refilled after it is issued?
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Which of the following substances is classified as Schedule 4 (C-IV)?
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What information does the prescriber’s signature provide in a prescription?
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What does the Superscription sign (℞) symbolize in a prescription?
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Which part of the prescription includes the directions to the dispenser?
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What is typically included in the Inscription of a prescription?
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What does the Signal part of a prescription instruct?
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What does the Subscription in a compounded prescription specify?
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Which information is typically NOT found in the refill directions of a prescription?
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In what language are directions in the Signal part of a prescription often written?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for Class I antiarrhythmic drugs?
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Which of the following is an example of a cardio-selective beta blocker?
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What adverse effect is associated with Class III antiarrhythmic drugs?
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Which of the following antibiotics inhibits the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall?
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What is the main function of non-pharmacologic management in anginal attacks?
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Which of the following is not a type of anti-infective agent?
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Which subclass of Class III antiarrhythmic drugs is known for prolonging repolarization?
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What is the primary action of calcium channel blockers in the treatment of arrhythmias?
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Study Notes
General Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the science focused on drugs, their properties, and their uses, aiming to develop more effective medicinal drugs.
- General Pharmacology studies broad concepts of pharmacology, emphasizing pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
Definitions of Key Terms
- Clinical Pharmacology: Evaluates drug action, preferred administration routes, and safe dosage through clinical trials.
- Drugs: Chemicals that alter living organism functions, used for diagnosis, prevention, control, or cure of diseases.
- Pharmacy: The science of identifying, selecting, preserving, standardizing, compounding, and dispensing medical substances.
- Pharmacodynamics: Studies the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs (“what the drug does to the body”).
- Pharmacokinetics: Examines absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs (“what the body does to the drug”).
- Pharmacotherapeutics: Focuses on the appropriate selection and use of drugs for disease prevention and treatment.
- Toxicology: The study of poisons and the harmful effects of drugs in excessive doses.
- Chemotherapy: Effects of drugs on microorganisms, parasites, and cancer cells within living organisms.
- Pharmacopeia: An official code listing established drugs and medical preparations along with descriptions of properties and tests.
- Pharmacognosy: Identifies naturally occurring drug sources.
- Posology: The study of drug dosages.
Drug Potency and Efficacy
- Potency: The lowest drug concentration required to produce the desired pharmacologic effects.
- Efficacy: The highest drug concentration that achieves the desired pharmacologic effects.
Drug Classifications
- Drug Product: Finished dosage forms containing active ingredients.
- Active Ingredients: Chemicals responsible for the drug product’s therapeutic effects.
- Generic Drug: A drug whose patent has expired or was never patented.
- Brand/Trade Name: A name given by a pharmaceutical company to differentiate its products.
- Half-Life: Time for half of a drug to be eliminated; calculated as 0.693 divided by t₀.₅.
Drug Reactions
- Hypersensitivity/Hyperreactive: Usual effects occur at unexpectedly low doses.
- Supersensitivity: Increased sensitivity due to denervation or allergy.
- Hyporeactive: Usual effects require unexpectedly high doses.
- Tolerance: Decreased sensitivity after prior exposure to drugs.
- Idiosyncratic Reactions: Unexplainable reactions to drug administration.
Types of Drugs for Ocular Diseases
- Prophylactic Drugs: Prevent ocular diseases.
- Diagnostic Drugs: Diagnose or detect ocular conditions.
- Therapeutic Drugs: Treat ocular diseases; include curative, protective, and palliative uses.
Pharmacokinetics Focus
- Studies how the body interacts with drugs, covering routes of administration, absorption, and distribution.
Prescription Components
- Prescriber Details: Name, degree, address, and contact information.
- Patient Information: Name, address, age, and date.
- Superscription (℞): Indicates taking the medication.
- Inscription: Medication name and strength.
- Subscription: Directions to the dispenser about dosage forms.
- Signal: Patient directions, often in English or Latin.
- Prescriber’s Signature: Validation of the prescription.
- Refill Directions: Information about allowable refills.
- Other Information: Additional notes like “Dispense as Written.”
Controlled Substances Classification
- Schedule I (C-I): High abuse, no accepted medical use (e.g., Heroin, LSD).
- Schedule II (C-II): High abuse, severe dependence potential (e.g., Morphine, Cocaine)—requires written prescriptions.
- Schedule III (C-III): Moderate abuse potential (e.g., Codeine)—limited refills.
- Schedule IV (C-IV): Low abuse potential (e.g., Diazepam)—refills allowed under certain conditions.
Non-pharmacologic Management of Angina
- Identify factors that exacerbate angina and address them.
- Lifestyle changes include avoiding smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and stress management.
- Surgical options include coronary artery bypass and angioplasty.
Drugs for Arrhythmia
- Class I (Na+ Channel Blockers): Block sodium channels, preventing depolarization (e.g., Lidocaine, Procainamide).
- Class II (Beta Blockers): Affect heart rhythm; include non-selective (e.g., Propranolol) and selective (e.g., Metoprolol).
- Class III (Prolong Repolarization): Amiodarone is a key drug in this class.
- Class IV (Calcium Channel Blockers): Verapamil and Diltiazem are preferred.
Anti-infective Agents
- Chemical substances can inhibit growth or kill microorganisms.
- Antibiotics: Classified by mechanism of action (e.g., cell wall synthesis inhibitors like Penicillin).
- Various classes target bacterial cell walls, membranes, genetic information, or essential metabolites.
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Description
This quiz explores the foundational concepts of General Pharmacology, focusing on the properties, uses, and development of medicinal drugs. It emphasizes key topics such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Prepare to assess your understanding of essential pharmacological principles.
