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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between persistent-latent and persistent-asymptomatic viral infections?
What is the main difference between persistent-latent and persistent-asymptomatic viral infections?
- Reactivation stimulated throughout the host's life in persistent-latent infections
- Symptoms that may or may not be apparent in persistent-asymptomatic infections
- Presence of periodic episodes of acute infections in persistent-latent infections
- Continuous production of virus particles in persistent-asymptomatic infections (correct)
How is an acute infection different from a persistent-pathogenic infection?
How is an acute infection different from a persistent-pathogenic infection?
- Years separating primary infection and fatal symptoms in persistent-pathogenic infections (correct)
- Short-term infection resolved quickly in acute infections
- Continuous production of virus particles in acute infections
- Presence of adverse physiological consequences in acute infections
Which type of infection involves continuous virus production for the life of the host?
Which type of infection involves continuous virus production for the life of the host?
- Persistent-pathogenic infection
- Acute infection
- Persistent-asymptomatic infection (correct)
- Persistent-latent infection
What is one characteristic of the incubation period of a viral infection?
What is one characteristic of the incubation period of a viral infection?
In which type of infection might reactivation be stimulated throughout the host's life?
In which type of infection might reactivation be stimulated throughout the host's life?
Which viral infection pattern involves periodic acute infections followed by phases with little or no detection of viral particles?
Which viral infection pattern involves periodic acute infections followed by phases with little or no detection of viral particles?
What is the term used to describe the damage caused by the host's immune response to infection?
What is the term used to describe the damage caused by the host's immune response to infection?
Which type of cells experience a crash in AIDS due to high viral titres?
Which type of cells experience a crash in AIDS due to high viral titres?
What are some of the clinical signs of a viral disease as mentioned in the text?
What are some of the clinical signs of a viral disease as mentioned in the text?
How many serotypes of dengue virus are mentioned in the text?
How many serotypes of dengue virus are mentioned in the text?
What is a characteristic feature regarding antibodies and dengue virus infection according to the text?
What is a characteristic feature regarding antibodies and dengue virus infection according to the text?
What is a characteristic of Latency-associated transcripts (LATs) of HSV-1 during latent infection?
What is a characteristic of Latency-associated transcripts (LATs) of HSV-1 during latent infection?
Which statement is true regarding the behavior of persistently infected mice with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus?
Which statement is true regarding the behavior of persistently infected mice with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus?
What happens during the acute phase of HIV infection?
What happens during the acute phase of HIV infection?
In what phase does HIV infection typically last 5-10 years without treatment?
In what phase does HIV infection typically last 5-10 years without treatment?
Which virus is associated with persistent - asymptomatic infection that can affect virtually all tissues?
Which virus is associated with persistent - asymptomatic infection that can affect virtually all tissues?
What consequence does introducing Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus later in life have on mice?
What consequence does introducing Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus later in life have on mice?
Which type of viral infection may be characterized by the persistent presence of the viral genome within the infected cell?
Which type of viral infection may be characterized by the persistent presence of the viral genome within the infected cell?
Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses with which type of genome?
Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses with which type of genome?
Which viral gene products may block the presentation of viral peptides within MHC I complexes?
Which viral gene products may block the presentation of viral peptides within MHC I complexes?
Which viral gene products may promote the reproduction of the virus in latent infections?
Which viral gene products may promote the reproduction of the virus in latent infections?
Which type of infection may establish latency in sensory ganglia?
Which type of infection may establish latency in sensory ganglia?
Which viral gene products may interfere with MHC I biogenesis and transport to the cell surface?
Which viral gene products may interfere with MHC I biogenesis and transport to the cell surface?
What is the primary site of HSV-1 infection?
What is the primary site of HSV-1 infection?
What is the state of the virus in sensory neurons after the initial infection?
What is the state of the virus in sensory neurons after the initial infection?
What can reactivate the latent HSV-1 virus?
What can reactivate the latent HSV-1 virus?
What happens to the epithelial cells during a reactivation of HSV-1 infection?
What happens to the epithelial cells during a reactivation of HSV-1 infection?
What is the role of Latency-Associated Transcript (LAT) in HSV-1 infection?
What is the role of Latency-Associated Transcript (LAT) in HSV-1 infection?
How does HSV-1 reactivate and cause recurrent infection?
How does HSV-1 reactivate and cause recurrent infection?
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Study Notes
Viral Infection Types
- Persistent-latent infections involve viral genome presence without active replication, while persistent-asymptomatic infections entail ongoing virus production without symptoms.
- Acute infections are characterized by a rapid onset and symptoms, contrasting persistent-pathogenic infections, which can have prolonged effects with continued viral activity.
- Continuous virus production throughout the life of the host is characteristic of persistent infections.
Incubation Period and Reactivation
- The incubation period of a viral infection refers to the time between initial infection and the appearance of symptoms; it can vary widely.
- Reactivation of latent infections may be stimulated at various points in the host's life, notably in persistent-latent infections.
Infection Patterns
- The chronic pattern of a viral infection includes periodic acute infections interspersed with phases of low or undetectable viral particles.
- Immune-mediated tissue damage caused by the host's immune response is termed immunopathology.
HIV and Immune Response
- AIDS leads to a significant decline in CD4+ T cells due to high viral titres.
- The clinical signs of viral diseases can include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and respiratory symptoms.
Dengue Virus Information
- There are four serotypes of dengue virus.
- Antibodies against dengue virus can complicate subsequent infections and influence disease severity.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) Features
- Latency-associated transcripts (LATs) from HSV-1 play a role during latent infections by maintaining the latent state.
- Persistently infected mice with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus exhibit specific immune responses that can complicate disease outcomes.
HIV Phases and Effects
- The acute phase of HIV infection is marked by high viral replication and potential severe symptoms.
- The chronic asymptomatic phase of HIV can last 5-10 years without treatment, during which the virus remains dormant but active.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus and Infection Characteristics
- Introducing Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus later in life can lead to severe consequences, including immunopathology.
- Persistent infections may involve the constant presence of the viral genome within infected cells.
Viral Genome and Gene Products
- Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome.
- Viral gene products can inhibit the presentation of viral peptides within MHC I complexes, negatively affecting the immune response.
- Other gene products may promote replication during latent infections by helping maintain viral activity.
HSV-1 Reactivation and LAT Role
- HSV-1 can establish latency within sensory ganglia after initial infection.
- The latent virus in sensory neurons remains inactive but can reactivate due to stress, immunosuppression, or other triggers.
- During reactivation, epithelial cells can suffer damage, leading to symptoms associated with recurrent HSV-1 infections.
- LAT plays a crucial role in maintaining latency and regulating the reactivation of HSV-1.
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