General Patterns of Viral Infection

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between persistent-latent and persistent-asymptomatic viral infections?

Reactivation stimulated throughout the host's life in persistent-latent infections

Symptoms that may or may not be apparent in persistent-asymptomatic infections

Presence of periodic episodes of acute infections in persistent-latent infections

Continuous production of virus particles in persistent-asymptomatic infections (correct)

How is an acute infection different from a persistent-pathogenic infection?

Years separating primary infection and fatal symptoms in persistent-pathogenic infections (correct)

Short-term infection resolved quickly in acute infections

Continuous production of virus particles in acute infections

Presence of adverse physiological consequences in acute infections

Which type of infection involves continuous virus production for the life of the host?

Persistent-pathogenic infection

Acute infection

Persistent-asymptomatic infection (correct)

Persistent-latent infection

What is one characteristic of the incubation period of a viral infection?

Replication of viral genomes during this period Signup and view all the answers

In which type of infection might reactivation be stimulated throughout the host's life?

Persistent-latent infection Signup and view all the answers

Which viral infection pattern involves periodic acute infections followed by phases with little or no detection of viral particles?

Persistent-latent infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the damage caused by the host's immune response to infection?

Immunopathology Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells experience a crash in AIDS due to high viral titres?

CD4+ T cells Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the clinical signs of a viral disease as mentioned in the text?

Fever, aches, tissue damage, nausea Signup and view all the answers

How many serotypes of dengue virus are mentioned in the text?

4 Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature regarding antibodies and dengue virus infection according to the text?

Antibodies to one serotype do not efficiently protect against infection by another Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Latency-associated transcripts (LATs) of HSV-1 during latent infection?

Only a single transcription unit is expressed Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the behavior of persistently infected mice with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus?

They are not as 'smart' as their uninfected peers Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the acute phase of HIV infection?

Rapid decline in CD4+ T cells and high viremia Signup and view all the answers

In what phase does HIV infection typically last 5-10 years without treatment?

Asymptomatic phase Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with persistent - asymptomatic infection that can affect virtually all tissues?

HIV Virus Signup and view all the answers

What consequence does introducing Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus later in life have on mice?

Causes encephalitis and edema leading to death Signup and view all the answers

Which type of viral infection may be characterized by the persistent presence of the viral genome within the infected cell?

Persistent-Latent infection Signup and view all the answers

Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses with which type of genome?

dsDNA Signup and view all the answers

Which viral gene products may block the presentation of viral peptides within MHC I complexes?

Viral gene products Signup and view all the answers

Which viral gene products may promote the reproduction of the virus in latent infections?

Gene products synthesized in small quantities Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infection may establish latency in sensory ganglia?

Herpesviruses Signup and view all the answers

Which viral gene products may interfere with MHC I biogenesis and transport to the cell surface?

Viral gene products Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of HSV-1 infection?

Epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of the virus in sensory neurons after the initial infection?

In a latent state Signup and view all the answers

What can reactivate the latent HSV-1 virus?

Factors such as bacterial infection, hormonal changes, and environmental stress Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the epithelial cells during a reactivation of HSV-1 infection?

They undergo apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Latency-Associated Transcript (LAT) in HSV-1 infection?

It suppresses apoptosis in neurons Signup and view all the answers

How does HSV-1 reactivate and cause recurrent infection?

By traveling down the axons of sensory neurons and re-infecting epithelial tissues Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Viral Infection Types

Persistent-latent infections involve viral genome presence without active replication, while persistent-asymptomatic infections entail ongoing virus production without symptoms.
Acute infections are characterized by a rapid onset and symptoms, contrasting persistent-pathogenic infections, which can have prolonged effects with continued viral activity.
Continuous virus production throughout the life of the host is characteristic of persistent infections.

Incubation Period and Reactivation

The incubation period of a viral infection refers to the time between initial infection and the appearance of symptoms; it can vary widely.
Reactivation of latent infections may be stimulated at various points in the host's life, notably in persistent-latent infections.

Infection Patterns

The chronic pattern of a viral infection includes periodic acute infections interspersed with phases of low or undetectable viral particles.
Immune-mediated tissue damage caused by the host's immune response is termed immunopathology.

HIV and Immune Response

AIDS leads to a significant decline in CD4+ T cells due to high viral titres.
The clinical signs of viral diseases can include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and respiratory symptoms.

Dengue Virus Information

There are four serotypes of dengue virus.
Antibodies against dengue virus can complicate subsequent infections and influence disease severity.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) Features

Latency-associated transcripts (LATs) from HSV-1 play a role during latent infections by maintaining the latent state.
Persistently infected mice with Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus exhibit specific immune responses that can complicate disease outcomes.

HIV Phases and Effects

The acute phase of HIV infection is marked by high viral replication and potential severe symptoms.
The chronic asymptomatic phase of HIV can last 5-10 years without treatment, during which the virus remains dormant but active.

Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus and Infection Characteristics

Introducing Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus later in life can lead to severe consequences, including immunopathology.
Persistent infections may involve the constant presence of the viral genome within infected cells.

Viral Genome and Gene Products

Herpesviruses are enveloped viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome.
Viral gene products can inhibit the presentation of viral peptides within MHC I complexes, negatively affecting the immune response.
Other gene products may promote replication during latent infections by helping maintain viral activity.

HSV-1 Reactivation and LAT Role

HSV-1 can establish latency within sensory ganglia after initial infection.
The latent virus in sensory neurons remains inactive but can reactivate due to stress, immunosuppression, or other triggers.
During reactivation, epithelial cells can suffer damage, leading to symptoms associated with recurrent HSV-1 infections.
LAT plays a crucial role in maintaining latency and regulating the reactivation of HSV-1.

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Description

Explore the general patterns of viral infection including acute, persistent-latent, and persistent infections. Learn about the production of virus particles over time, presence of symptoms, and the clearance of infection.