General Pathology Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

What triggers the pain experienced by the patient with appendicitis?

  • Histamine and serotonin
  • Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor
  • Complement C3b and IgG
  • Prostaglandin and bradykinin (correct)
  • How is the fluid analyzed from the female patient with cirrhosis best classified?

  • Transudate (correct)
  • Exudate
  • Effusion
  • Serous fluid
  • What deficiency is most likely responsible for the symptoms observed in the group of sailors?

  • Marfan syndrome
  • Vitamin K deficiency
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • Scurvy (correct)
  • What is the most probable cause of the engorgement observed in the fundus of the gallbladder?

    <p>Congestion due to obstruction to outflow of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is most likely indicated by the symptoms of increased respiratory rate and cold extremities in the injured male?

    <p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of yellowish exudate on the appendix in the patient with abdominal pain?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely associated with vitamin K deficiency?

    <p>Bone pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding would most likely indicate the fluid from the patient with cirrhosis is a transudate?

    <p>Protein content less than 3.0 gm/dl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the disfigured scar formed on the young man's arm after a laceration?

    <p>Keloid formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of inheritance is suggested by a rare disorder affecting only homozygous individuals equally in males and females?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme deficiency is indicated by a six-month-old baby exhibiting severe mental retardation and a mousy odour?

    <p>Phenyl Alanine oxidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence most strongly indicates that a testicular mass is malignant?

    <p>Detection of round nodules in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tumor-causative agent pair is incorrectly matched?

    <p>Hepatocellular carcinoma – Hepatitis A virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with keloid formation after wound healing?

    <p>Tendency to shrink over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor indicates that a hereditary condition is likely autosomal recessive?

    <p>Symptoms occur only in homozygous individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic odour associated with a baby showing signs of phenylketonuria?

    <p>Mousy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence correctly represents the general steps in the viral multiplication cycle?

    <p>Adsorption, penetration, replication, maturation and release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serum component indicates post-infection immunity to hepatitis B?

    <p>Anti HBS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is incorrectly matched with its causative agent?

    <p>Hepatocellular carcinoma = HDV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is classified as an RNA virus?

    <p>Human T-cell leukaemia virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of group A streptococcus is associated with its antiphagocytic property?

    <p>M protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct sequence of steps in performing a Gram stain?

    <p>Crystal violet stain, iodine solution, decolorization, safranin stain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is most reliable for diagnosing primary syphilis?

    <p>Dark field examination of chancre material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is typically found in the viral cycle but not in bacterial reproduction?

    <p>Maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of autoclaving?

    <p>To achieve sterilization by moist heat under increased pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum temperature reached during typical autoclaving?

    <p>121°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathogens is effectively killed by pasteurization?

    <p>Mycobacterium bovis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

    <p>Hyperplasia increases the number of cells, whereas hypertrophy increases cell size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necrosis primarily characterized by?

    <p>Progressive degradative action of enzymes on injured cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cell swelling an indication of?

    <p>Reversible cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis is best described as which of the following?

    <p>A form of programmed cell death regulated by enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the single most important feature that differentiates benign tumors from malignant tumors?

    <p>Presence of metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genes classifies as a major antioncogene?

    <p>TP53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumors are known to grow slowly, are well differentiated, and do not invade or metastasize?

    <p>Benign tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tumor markers is associated primarily with ovarian cancer?

    <p>CA-125</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT involved in the conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of route is mainly used for the spread of carcinomas?

    <p>Lymphatic routes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of chemical carcinogenesis?

    <p>It has initiation and promotion phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oncogenic virus is the only known oncogenic RNA virus?

    <p>Human T-Cell leukemia virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)?

    <p>Aggregates platelets and constricts blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage is NOT a recognized stage of carcinogenesis?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes 'carcinoma in situ'?

    <p>Full-thickness dysplasia extending from the basement membrane to the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct characteristic of malignant cells?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical is known as a carcinogen primarily linked to lung cancer?

    <p>Beryllium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an ulcer in the context of tissue damage?

    <p>A local defect produced by the shedding of necrotic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does desmoplasia refer to in relation to tumors?

    <p>Changes in tumor stroma as it invades surrounding tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tumors is classified as a malignant tumor?

    <p>Hepatoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Pathology Study Notes

    • General pathology is the study of disease processes at the cellular and tissue level.
    • Diseases can be grouped into various categories based on the underlying mechanisms.
    • Various disease processes can occur at the cellular level.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of general pathology, focusing on disease processes at cellular and tissue levels. This quiz covers various disease categories and their underlying mechanisms. Enhance your understanding of how diseases manifest and the factors contributing to them.

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