General Information on Anemia
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Questions and Answers

Which route of administration is used with the Z-track method?

  • Intramuscular (correct)
  • Subcutaneous
  • Intravenous
  • Oral

Which part of the body is primarily responsible for the formation of new blood cells?

  • Liver
  • Heart
  • Kidney
  • Bone marrow (correct)

What hormone drives the formation and maturation of red blood cells?

  • Erythropoietin (correct)
  • Testosterone
  • Free thyroxine
  • Progesterone

Which symptom is a known side effect of oral iron therapy?

<p>Tarry stools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia is caused by a genetic defect?

<p>Sickle cell anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common side effect of iron supplements?

<p>Tarry stools (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the kidneys play in relation to red blood cell production?

<p>They produce erythropoietin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of bone marrow in the body?

<p>Production of blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be checked before prescribing darbepoetin?

<p>Blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should hemoglobin levels be checked before administering darbepoetin?

<p>To ensure the drug is necessary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is a clinical complication of prolonged epoetin alfa use with hemoglobin levels above 12 g/dL?

<p>Stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which liquid should not be taken with iron supplements due to decreased absorption?

<p>Milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What test can help assess calcium deficiency and bone marrow suppression?

<p>Radiograph of bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of iron preparations?

<p>Diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia can be treated with iron sucrose?

<p>Iron-deficiency anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prerequisite for administering darbepoetin?

<p>Checking creatinine levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be administered alongside epoetin alfa or darbepoetin for effectiveness?

<p>Iron supplements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia is characterized by cytoplasmic maturation defects?

<p>Iron-deficiency anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of ferumoxytol compared to other anemia drugs?

<p>It can be administered undiluted as an intravenous push. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate action for a nurse to take when a patient shows signs of hypotension due to medication infusion?

<p>Slow the infusion rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of anemia shows erythrocytes appearing as spherocytes on a blood smear?

<p>Sickle cell anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with cancer?

<p>Hemoglobin level of 15 g/dL (A), History of thrombosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anemia is primarily caused by nuclear maturation defects?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the required administration method for iron sucrose to prevent adverse effects?

<p>Diluted and infused slowly over hours (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment is necessary before prescribing darbepoetin for a patient?

<p>Blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anemia is not classified as having red blood cell spherocytes?

<p>Pernicious anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change seen in the patient's vital signs at 1000 compared to 0900?

<p>Blood pressure decreased (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should acetaminophen not be administered to the patient based on their vital signs?

<p>Patient does not have a fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding epoetin alfa in relation to iron supplementation?

<p>It requires iron for efficacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range for hemoglobin levels when considering the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents?

<p>Above 12 g/dL for renal failure patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible risk when using erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with head or neck cancer?

<p>Increased tumor growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vital sign indicates a notable change that may require intervention at 1000?

<p>Blood pressure dropped significantly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a likely reason for fatigue and lightheadedness in a patient with chronic renal failure on a balanced diet?

<p>The patient lacks erythropoietin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is important to enhance the effectiveness of epoetin alfa?

<p>Administer ferrous fumarate along with epoetin alfa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is folic acid not effective when administered with epoetin alfa?

<p>It does not alleviate anemia effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a slight shortness of breath in a patient likely indicate?

<p>Inadequate oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the best time to administer ferrous fumarate in relation to epoetin alfa?

<p>Simultaneously with epoetin alfa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect that a patient may experience during folic acid therapy?

<p>Yellow urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic disorder is characterized by excessive destruction of red blood cells?

<p>Sickle cell anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is known to contain the highest amount of iron per gram of salt?

<p>Ferrous fumarate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use for Deferiprone?

<p>To treat iron overdose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to excessive red blood cell destruction due to intrinsic factors?

<p>Sickle cell anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is an antibiotic that interacts with iron and reduces its absorption?

<p>Tetracycline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element does Epoetin alfa help facilitate in the body?

<p>Synthesis of red blood cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context is Methotrexate primarily used?

<p>Cancer therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Z-track method administration route

The Z-track method is a technique used for intramuscular injections to minimize skin irritation and leakage of medication into the subcutaneous tissue.

Blood cell formation site

Bone marrow is the primary location where new blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, are produced.

Erythrocyte formation hormone

Erythropoietin, a hormone primarily produced by the kidneys, stimulates the formation and maturation of red blood cells.

Oral iron side effect

A common side effect of oral iron supplementation is tarry stools, along with possible vomiting and epigastric pain.

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Genetic anemia type

The provided text does not name a specific type of anemia caused by a genetic defect.

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Intramuscular Injection route

Intramuscular injection is a method of administering medication directly into a muscle.

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Erythropoiesis

The process of producing red blood cells.

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Bone Marrow

The spongy tissue inside some bones that produces blood cells.

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Ferumoxytol administration

Ferumoxytol is injected intravenously as a push over 1 minute, undiluted; unlike other iron products.

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Ferumoxytol vs. other anemia drugs

Ferumoxytol differs from other anemia drugs because it doesn't require dilution or a test dose and can be given as a push injection, avoiding adverse effects.

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Anemia and cytoplasmic maturation

Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with cytoplasmic maturation defects, affecting hemoglobin synthesis due to iron deficiency.

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Spherocytes in blood smear

Sickle cell anemia causes erythrocytes to appear as spherocytes on a blood smear due to excessive red blood cell destruction.

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Epoetin alpha/darbepoetin & iron

Epoetin alpha and darbepoetin are similar in action but differ in duration of action, and become ineffective without iron supplements.

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Cyanocobalamin (B12) in anemia

Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) is used to treat megaloblastic anemia, and its effectiveness may be limited when combined with iron.

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Megaloblastic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia arises from nuclear maturation defects contrasted with iron-deficiency anemia, which impacts cytoplasmic maturation.

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Iron-deficiency anemia causes

Iron-deficiency anemia arises from reduced or abnormal hemoglobin synthesis, potentially due to iron or globin deficiency.

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Anemia in Chronic Renal Failure

Patients with chronic renal failure often experience fatigue and lightheadedness due to anemia. This is caused by the kidneys' decreased production of erythropoietin, a hormone crucial for red blood cell maturation.

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Epoetin Alfa Enhancement

To boost the effectiveness of epoetin alfa (a synthetic erythropoietin), it's recommended to administer it alongside oral iron supplements like ferrous fumarate. This combination supports red blood cell formation.

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Oral Iron Supplementation

Oral iron supplements, such as ferrous fumarate, are often prescribed alongside epoetin alfa in patients with anemia. This helps increase the effectiveness of the medication.

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Iron Infusion Monitoring

During an iron sucrose infusion, it's crucial to monitor the patient closely for any adverse reactions like hypotension, dizziness, or shortness of breath.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia and Fatigue

Individuals with severe iron deficiency anemia may experience fatigue and lightheadedness due to the body's inability to transport oxygen efficiently, as red blood cells require iron to function properly.

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Hypotension

A condition where blood pressure drops significantly below normal, often caused by medication infusion rate.

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Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs)

Medications that stimulate the production of red blood cells. Used to treat anemia.

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Contraindications for ESAs?

Conditions or situations where ESAs should not be used because of potential risks. Examples include uncontrolled hypertension, high hemoglobin levels, and certain cancers.

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Assess before Darbepoetin

Before prescribing Darbepoetin, important assessments include blood pressure, hemoglobin levels, and creatinine levels.

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Hemoglobin Level

A measure of the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Important for monitoring anemia.

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Creatinine Levels

A measure of kidney function. High levels can indicate kidney damage.

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Iron absorption enhancer

Ascorbic acid, found in orange juice, improves the absorption of iron from supplements.

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Iron absorption inhibitor

Calcium in milk reduces the absorption of iron from supplements.

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Epoetin alfa complication

Excessive use of epoetin alfa, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, can lead to serious complications like heart attack, stroke, and even death.

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Darbepoetin contraindication

Darbepoetin, an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, is not prescribed to patients with uncontrolled hypertension, high hemoglobin levels, or renal failure.

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Iron sucrose drug history

Before administering iron sucrose, a nurse should assess the patient's history of any medications that might interact with it.

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Darbepoetin & hemoglobin levels

Before prescribing darbepoetin, a nurse should check the patient's hemoglobin levels because the drug might not be necessary if the levels are already adequate.

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Darbepoetin & blood pressure

Before administering darbepoetin, a nurse should measure the patient's blood pressure to rule out hypertension.

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Darbepoetin & renal function

Before administering darbepoetin, a nurse should test the patient's creatinine levels to assess renal function, as darbepoetin is not used in patients with renal failure.

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Yellow Urine During Folic Acid Therapy

A yellow discoloration of urine is a common side effect of folic acid treatment. It is usually harmless and goes away on its own.

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Sickle Cell Anemia

A genetic disorder where red blood cells are misshaped, causing them to break down prematurely and block blood vessels. This leads to anemia, pain, and tissue damage.

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Ferrous Fumarate

A type of iron supplement with the highest iron content per gram of salt. It's used to treat iron deficiency anemia.

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Deferiprone

A medication used to treat iron overdose. It removes excess iron from the body by binding to it.

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What causes excessive red blood cell destruction?

The breakdown of red blood cells can be caused by both intrinsic factors, like genetic defects in the cells themselves (e.g., sickle cell anemia), and extrinsic factors, like antibodies that attack red blood cells.

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What is the extrinsic factor in excessive red blood cell destruction?

Antibodies are the extrinsic factor that cause excessive red blood cell destruction. These antibodies attack and destroy red blood cells, leading to anemia.

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What are the effects of oral iron therapy?

Oral iron therapy can cause side effects like diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps. These are usually mild and temporary.

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What is the difference between iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia?

Iron deficiency anemia involves a lack of iron, leading to issues in red blood cell production. Megaloblastic anemia involves a lack of B12 or folate, causing abnormal cell growth.

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Study Notes

General Anemia Information

  • Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) or a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin within the RBCs.
  • Several factors can cause anemia, including nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, and genetic disorders.

Causes of Anemia

  • Iron-deficiency anemia is caused by inadequate dietary intake, blood loss, or impaired iron absorption.
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia) is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption.
  • Folate deficiency anemia is caused by inadequate dietary intake or impaired folate absorption.
  • Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in misshapen red blood cells.
  • Aplastic anemia is a disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce enough blood cells.

Administration of Iron

  • Oral iron supplements are typically prescribed for iron-deficiency anemia, and these should be taken with a source of vitamin C to improve absorption.
  • Intravenous iron therapy is used for patients with severe iron deficiency or those who cannot tolerate oral iron.
  • The Z-track method is used for intramuscular injections to prevent skin discoloration.
  • A test dose is often given intravenously before administering iron dextran to assess for allergic reactions.

Bone Marrow Function

  • Bone marrow is the principal site for the production of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
  • The bone marrow produces immature blood cells that mature further in the body.

Erythropoiesis

  • Erythropoiesis is the process of red blood cell formation and maturation in the bone marrow.
  • Erythropoietin, a hormone produced by the kidneys, is crucial for the regulation of erythropoiesis.
  • Other hormones, like testosterone and progesterone, play support roles.

Symptoms and Complications

  • Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pallor.
  • Severe anemia can lead to serious complications, including organ damage.

Diagnostic Tests

  • A complete blood count (CBC) is a common diagnostic test for anemia.
  • Other tests, like serum iron levels and ferritin levels, may be used to determine the cause of the anemia.
  • A blood smear is used to determine the size, shape, and color of the RBCs.

Treatment Considerations

  • The treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause.
  • Nutritional deficiencies may be addressed by dietary changes and supplementation.
  • Blood loss may require surgery or other interventions.
  • Certain genetic disorders may not have a cure.

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Description

This quiz covers essential information about anemia, including its causes, types, and treatments. Learn about different types of anemia such as iron-deficiency, vitamin B12, and sickle cell anemia, as well as the importance of iron supplementation. Discover the factors contributing to this common medical condition.

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