Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient's anemia is caused by a deficiency in intrinsic factor. Which type of anemia is the patient most likely experiencing?
A patient's anemia is caused by a deficiency in intrinsic factor. Which type of anemia is the patient most likely experiencing?
- Hemolytic anemia
- Pernicious anemia (correct)
- Aplastic anemia
- Iron-deficiency anemia
A patient with anemia reports experiencing numbness and tingling in their hands and feet. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely contributing to these neurological symptoms?
A patient with anemia reports experiencing numbness and tingling in their hands and feet. Which vitamin deficiency is most likely contributing to these neurological symptoms?
- Iron
- Vitamin C
- Folate
- Vitamin B12 (correct)
A patient with a hemoglobin level of 9 g/dL is likely experiencing what level of anemia?
A patient with a hemoglobin level of 9 g/dL is likely experiencing what level of anemia?
- Severe
- Mild
- Critical
- Moderate (correct)
When providing an iron supplement, what should the nurse recommend to enhance absorption?
When providing an iron supplement, what should the nurse recommend to enhance absorption?
What is the priority nursing intervention for a patient experiencing a drop in blood pressure and lightheadedness when moving from a lying to a standing position?
What is the priority nursing intervention for a patient experiencing a drop in blood pressure and lightheadedness when moving from a lying to a standing position?
A patient with anemia has developed glossitis. What dietary modification would be most appropriate for this patient to improve comfort and promote healing?
A patient with anemia has developed glossitis. What dietary modification would be most appropriate for this patient to improve comfort and promote healing?
A patient with iron deficiency anemia is prescribed an oral iron supplement. What instruction should the nurse provide regarding the timing of the medication administration?
A patient with iron deficiency anemia is prescribed an oral iron supplement. What instruction should the nurse provide regarding the timing of the medication administration?
A nurse is caring for a patient with anemia and notes a significant increase in pulse and respiratory rate during ambulation. What action should the nurse take first?
A nurse is caring for a patient with anemia and notes a significant increase in pulse and respiratory rate during ambulation. What action should the nurse take first?
A patient is diagnosed with anemia due to folate deficiency. Which food would the nurse encourage the patient to include in their diet?
A patient is diagnosed with anemia due to folate deficiency. Which food would the nurse encourage the patient to include in their diet?
A patient with anemia reports experiencing constipation after starting iron supplements. What should the nurse recommend to alleviate this side effect?
A patient with anemia reports experiencing constipation after starting iron supplements. What should the nurse recommend to alleviate this side effect?
A patient with pernicious anemia is prescribed vitamin B12 injections. Which statement by the patient indicates a correct understanding of their treatment plan?
A patient with pernicious anemia is prescribed vitamin B12 injections. Which statement by the patient indicates a correct understanding of their treatment plan?
A patient with anemia is scheduled for a bone marrow biopsy. What is the primary purpose of this diagnostic test in the context of anemia?
A patient with anemia is scheduled for a bone marrow biopsy. What is the primary purpose of this diagnostic test in the context of anemia?
What laboratory value should a nurse prioritize monitoring in a patient with anemia to assess the effectiveness of oxygen therapy?
What laboratory value should a nurse prioritize monitoring in a patient with anemia to assess the effectiveness of oxygen therapy?
A patient with iron deficiency anemia is prescribed an iron supplement in liquid form. What instruction should the nurse provide to prevent a common side effect?
A patient with iron deficiency anemia is prescribed an iron supplement in liquid form. What instruction should the nurse provide to prevent a common side effect?
What should a nurse assess when collecting data from a patient with anemia?
What should a nurse assess when collecting data from a patient with anemia?
A patient with anemia reports experiencing shortness of breath with minimal exertion. Which intervention is most appropriate for the nurse to include in the patient's plan of care?
A patient with anemia reports experiencing shortness of breath with minimal exertion. Which intervention is most appropriate for the nurse to include in the patient's plan of care?
A patient with iron deficiency anemia is receiving intramuscular iron injections. Which technique is essential for the nurse to use during administration?
A patient with iron deficiency anemia is receiving intramuscular iron injections. Which technique is essential for the nurse to use during administration?
A patient being evaluated for dementia is found to have a Vitamin B12 deficiency. Which pre-existing condition would the nurse suspect as a contributing factor?
A patient being evaluated for dementia is found to have a Vitamin B12 deficiency. Which pre-existing condition would the nurse suspect as a contributing factor?
A patient with a genetic predisposition to microcytic anemia reports frequent consumption of non-heme iron. What additional dietary recommendation would improve iron absorption?
A patient with a genetic predisposition to microcytic anemia reports frequent consumption of non-heme iron. What additional dietary recommendation would improve iron absorption?
A nurse is providing discharge teaching for a patient recovering from anemia. Which statement indicates the patient understands long-term prevention?
A nurse is providing discharge teaching for a patient recovering from anemia. Which statement indicates the patient understands long-term prevention?
What statement best describes the pathophysiology of anemia?
What statement best describes the pathophysiology of anemia?
Which class of drugs interferes with the absorption of folate?
Which class of drugs interferes with the absorption of folate?
Which assessment finding would most likely be present in a patient with iron deficiency anemia?
Which assessment finding would most likely be present in a patient with iron deficiency anemia?
A patient is diagnosed with G6PD deficiency. What instruction is most important?
A patient is diagnosed with G6PD deficiency. What instruction is most important?
A post-op bariatric patient is at high risk for which nutritional deficiency?
A post-op bariatric patient is at high risk for which nutritional deficiency?
A patient has a hemoglobin of 7.0. Which symptom would the nurse expect?
A patient has a hemoglobin of 7.0. Which symptom would the nurse expect?
What is the term for red blood cells that are smaller than normal size?
What is the term for red blood cells that are smaller than normal size?
What is the best description of pancytopenia?
What is the best description of pancytopenia?
Which anemia can cause irreparable neurological damage?
Which anemia can cause irreparable neurological damage?
A patient is diagnosed with Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. From which geographic location did the patient likely originate?
A patient is diagnosed with Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. From which geographic location did the patient likely originate?
A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for microcytic anemia. What possible conditions might contribute to this risk?
A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for microcytic anemia. What possible conditions might contribute to this risk?
What should the nurse consider when providing education for a pregnant patient regarding folate supplementation?
What should the nurse consider when providing education for a pregnant patient regarding folate supplementation?
Which patient population may be at risk for Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which patient population may be at risk for Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which term best describes inflammation of the tongue?
Which term best describes inflammation of the tongue?
Which of the following foods would a nurse recommend to a patient looking to increase their iron intake through diet alone?
Which of the following foods would a nurse recommend to a patient looking to increase their iron intake through diet alone?
What is the correct use of the term Hemolytic?
What is the correct use of the term Hemolytic?
A patient who has had part of the small intestine removed is most at risk for which condition?
A patient who has had part of the small intestine removed is most at risk for which condition?
Which of the following is the best definition of therapeutic phlebotomy?
Which of the following is the best definition of therapeutic phlebotomy?
Which term best describes enlargement of the spleen?
Which term best describes enlargement of the spleen?
A patient with a history of Crohn's disease is being evaluated for anemia. Which mechanism is most likely contributing to the development of anemia in this patient?
A patient with a history of Crohn's disease is being evaluated for anemia. Which mechanism is most likely contributing to the development of anemia in this patient?
A patient has been diagnosed with anemia secondary to chronic kidney disease. What is the primary reason for the development of anemia in this patient population?
A patient has been diagnosed with anemia secondary to chronic kidney disease. What is the primary reason for the development of anemia in this patient population?
A patient with anemia is experiencing persistent fatigue that is impacting their ability to perform daily activities. What is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention to address this symptom?
A patient with anemia is experiencing persistent fatigue that is impacting their ability to perform daily activities. What is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention to address this symptom?
A patient with anemia is prescribed ferrous sulfate. What should the nurse include in the patient's education regarding the administration of this medication?
A patient with anemia is prescribed ferrous sulfate. What should the nurse include in the patient's education regarding the administration of this medication?
A patient with anemia reports experiencing constipation after starting iron supplements. Which intervention should the nurse recommend to the patient?
A patient with anemia reports experiencing constipation after starting iron supplements. Which intervention should the nurse recommend to the patient?
A patient with pernicious anemia is receiving vitamin B12 injections. How can the nurse evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment?
A patient with pernicious anemia is receiving vitamin B12 injections. How can the nurse evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment?
The nurse is caring for a patient with severe anemia. What is a priority nursing intervention?
The nurse is caring for a patient with severe anemia. What is a priority nursing intervention?
What dietary modification is most appropriate for a patient with glossitis due to anemia?
What dietary modification is most appropriate for a patient with glossitis due to anemia?
A patient with anemia is prescribed a liquid iron supplement. What instruction should the nurse provide to minimize a common side effect?
A patient with anemia is prescribed a liquid iron supplement. What instruction should the nurse provide to minimize a common side effect?
A patient with anemia is about to undergo a bone marrow biopsy. What key information should the nurse provide to the patient?
A patient with anemia is about to undergo a bone marrow biopsy. What key information should the nurse provide to the patient?
A patient with anemia reports increased shortness of breath with minimal exertion. Which action is most appropriate for the nurse to include in the patient's care plan?
A patient with anemia reports increased shortness of breath with minimal exertion. Which action is most appropriate for the nurse to include in the patient's care plan?
The nurse is administering an intramuscular iron injection to a patient with iron deficiency anemia. Which technique is essential for the nurse to use?
The nurse is administering an intramuscular iron injection to a patient with iron deficiency anemia. Which technique is essential for the nurse to use?
A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for developing anemia. Which factor contributes most significantly to this risk?
A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for developing anemia. Which factor contributes most significantly to this risk?
A pregnant patient is discussing folate supplementation with the nurse. What is the most important information to emphasize?
A pregnant patient is discussing folate supplementation with the nurse. What is the most important information to emphasize?
Which patient population is at the highest risk for developing vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which patient population is at the highest risk for developing vitamin B12 deficiency?
A patient diagnosed with anemia is experiencing glossitis. Which intervention is most appropriate for managing this condition?
A patient diagnosed with anemia is experiencing glossitis. Which intervention is most appropriate for managing this condition?
A patient is looking to increase their iron intake through diet alone. What dietary sources would be most benificial?
A patient is looking to increase their iron intake through diet alone. What dietary sources would be most benificial?
What is the primary mechanism behind hemolytic anemia?
What is the primary mechanism behind hemolytic anemia?
A patient who has had a significant portion of their small intestine removed is at risk for which type of anemia?
A patient who has had a significant portion of their small intestine removed is at risk for which type of anemia?
What is the primary goal of therapeutic phlebotomy in the treatment of polycythemia vera?
What is the primary goal of therapeutic phlebotomy in the treatment of polycythemia vera?
What assessment finding would the nurse expect in a patient with splenomegaly?
What assessment finding would the nurse expect in a patient with splenomegaly?
A patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed with anemia. Which mechanism is the most likely cause of anemia in this patient?
A patient with a history of rheumatoid arthritis is diagnosed with anemia. Which mechanism is the most likely cause of anemia in this patient?
What is the most important teaching point for a patient with G6PD deficiency?
What is the most important teaching point for a patient with G6PD deficiency?
A patient who is post-op bariatric surgery is at the greatest risk for what deficiency?
A patient who is post-op bariatric surgery is at the greatest risk for what deficiency?
A patient has a hemoglobin level of 7.0 g/dL. What would the nurse expect to assess?
A patient has a hemoglobin level of 7.0 g/dL. What would the nurse expect to assess?
What term best describes red blood cells that are smaller than normal in size?
What term best describes red blood cells that are smaller than normal in size?
Pancytopenia is best described as a deficiency of what?
Pancytopenia is best described as a deficiency of what?
Which type of anemia has the potential to cause irreparable neurological damage if left untreated?
Which type of anemia has the potential to cause irreparable neurological damage if left untreated?
A patient is diagnosed with Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Where did this patient likely originate?
A patient is diagnosed with Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Where did this patient likely originate?
A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for microcytic anemia. What condition might contribute to this risk?
A patient with chronic kidney disease is at risk for microcytic anemia. What condition might contribute to this risk?
What should the nurse teaching a pregnant patient regarding folate supplementation?
What should the nurse teaching a pregnant patient regarding folate supplementation?
Which patient population is most at risk for the development of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which patient population is most at risk for the development of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Which intervention provides oral care for a patient diagnosed with glossitis?
Which intervention provides oral care for a patient diagnosed with glossitis?
Which foods should a nurse recommend to increase iron intake through diet?
Which foods should a nurse recommend to increase iron intake through diet?
What best describes the primary mechanism behind hemolytic anemia?
What best describes the primary mechanism behind hemolytic anemia?
A patient had a significant portion of the small intestine removed and is now at risk for anemia. Which type anemia?
A patient had a significant portion of the small intestine removed and is now at risk for anemia. Which type anemia?
What is the primary goal of therapeutic phlebotomy when treating polycythemia vera?
What is the primary goal of therapeutic phlebotomy when treating polycythemia vera?
What assessment finding represents splenomegaly?
What assessment finding represents splenomegaly?
A patient with thalassemia major is undergoing regular blood transfusions. Which complication is most important for the nurse to monitor in this patient?
A patient with thalassemia major is undergoing regular blood transfusions. Which complication is most important for the nurse to monitor in this patient?
A patient with anemia is experiencing paresthesia in their feet and hands. Which vitamin deficiency should the nurse suspect?
A patient with anemia is experiencing paresthesia in their feet and hands. Which vitamin deficiency should the nurse suspect?
Which factor should a nurse consider when planning care for a patient with anemia?
Which factor should a nurse consider when planning care for a patient with anemia?
A patient with a history of gastric bypass surgery is being evaluated for anemia. Which mechanism is most likely contributing to the development of anemia in this patient?
A patient with a history of gastric bypass surgery is being evaluated for anemia. Which mechanism is most likely contributing to the development of anemia in this patient?
A patient with anemia is experiencing persistent fatigue and weakness that is impacting their ability to perform daily activities. What is an appropriate nursing intervention?
A patient with anemia is experiencing persistent fatigue and weakness that is impacting their ability to perform daily activities. What is an appropriate nursing intervention?
A patient with anemia has been prescribed ferrous sulfate. What instruction should the nurse include in the patient's education regarding the administration of this medication?
A patient with anemia has been prescribed ferrous sulfate. What instruction should the nurse include in the patient's education regarding the administration of this medication?
A patient with pernicious anemia is receiving intramuscular vitamin B12 injections. What assessment finding indicates the treatment is effective?
A patient with pernicious anemia is receiving intramuscular vitamin B12 injections. What assessment finding indicates the treatment is effective?
The nurse is caring for a patient with severe anemia. What is a priority nursing intervention to address the patient's decreased oxygen-carrying capacity?
The nurse is caring for a patient with severe anemia. What is a priority nursing intervention to address the patient's decreased oxygen-carrying capacity?
What dietary modification is most appropriate for a patient with glossitis related to anemia to promote healing and reduce discomfort?
What dietary modification is most appropriate for a patient with glossitis related to anemia to promote healing and reduce discomfort?
A patient with anemia is prescribed a liquid iron supplement. What instruction should the nurse provide to minimize staining of the teeth?
A patient with anemia is prescribed a liquid iron supplement. What instruction should the nurse provide to minimize staining of the teeth?
The nurse is administering an intramuscular iron injection to a patient with iron deficiency anemia. Which technique is essential?
The nurse is administering an intramuscular iron injection to a patient with iron deficiency anemia. Which technique is essential?
A patient who had a significant portion of the small intestine removed is at risk for which type of anemia?
A patient who had a significant portion of the small intestine removed is at risk for which type of anemia?
Flashcards
Anemia
Anemia
A condition where circulating blood is deficient in red blood cells, hemoglobin, or both, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.
Aplastic
Aplastic
Impaired production of red blood cells.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
A complex condition involving abnormal blood clotting throughout the body's blood vessels.
Glossitis
Glossitis
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Hemarthrosis
Hemarthrosis
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Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic Anemia
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Hemophilia
Hemophilia
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Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
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Leukemia
Leukemia
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Lymphoma
Lymphoma
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Pancytopenia
Pancytopenia
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Panmyelosis
Panmyelosis
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Pathological Fracture
Pathological Fracture
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Phlebotomy
Phlebotomy
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Polycythemia
Polycythemia
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Splenectomy
Splenectomy
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Splenomegaly
Splenomegaly
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Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia
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Glossitis (in Pernicious Anemia)
Glossitis (in Pernicious Anemia)
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Nutrients Essential for RBC Production
Nutrients Essential for RBC Production
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Microcytic Anemia
Microcytic Anemia
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Macrocytic Anemia
Macrocytic Anemia
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Intrinsic Factor
Intrinsic Factor
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Symptoms of Anemia
Symptoms of Anemia
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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Study Notes
- Anemia is a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hgb), or both, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.
- Symptoms include lightheadedness, dizziness, weakness, shortness of breath, and palpitations.
Pathophysiology of Anemia
- Decreased RBC numbers can stem from impaired RBC production, increased RBC destruction, or blood loss.
- Anemia is typically secondary to another underlying health issue, not a primary diagnosis.
Etiology of Anemia
- Nutritional deficiencies in iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 can lead to anemia.
- Pernicious anemia results from a lack of intrinsic factor, hindering vitamin B12 absorption.
Cultural Considerations
- Mediterranean-type glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder primarily affecting males from the Middle East, impacting RBCs and causing hemolytic crisis upon exposure to triggers like fava beans or certain drugs.
Nutrition and Anemia
- Iron, vitamin B12, and folate are essential for RBC synthesis; inadequate intake can lead to anemia.
- Nutrition therapy can be useful, but additional treatments may be required.
Microcytic Anemia
- Microcytic anemia is characterized by smaller than normal RBCs.
- Common causes for microcytic anemia include inadequate iron intake, blood loss, renal disease, lead toxicity, gastrointestinal surgeries, and digestive conditions.
- Those at risk include children, individuals with a genetic predisposition or family history, and women of childbearing age.
- Dietary sources of iron include animal meats, legumes, iron-fortified grains, dried fruits, and dark leafy greens.
- Vitamin C aids iron absorbtion.
- Iron supplements can treat iron deficiency, but it might take 3-6 months to replenish iron stores.
Macrocytic Anemia
- Macrocytic anemia is characterized by larger than normal RBCs.
- Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are the most common cause.
Vitamin B12
- B12 is required for neurological function, DNA, and RBC synthesis.
- Intrinsic factor, secreted by the stomach, is required for B12 absorbtion.
- B12 is found in animal meats and eggs; dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt); and vitamin B12–fortified foods such as soy milk, tofu, and breakfast cereals.
- Strict vegetarians are at risk.
- B12 deficiency can cause nerve damage.
- Metformin interferes with B12 absorbtion.
Folate
- Folate is required for heme, the iron-containing portion of Hgb, and DNA formation.
- Necessary for rapidly growing cells in the gastrointestinal tract, blood, and fetal tissue.
- Alcohol, anticonvulsants, and aspirin can interfere with folate absorption.
- Dietary sources include vegetables (spinach, asparagus, and Brussels sprouts), fruits (oranges and bananas), nuts, legumes, animal meats, eggs, dairy products, and fortified grains.
- Folate deficiency increases the risk of fetal neural tube defects.
- Women of childbearing age should consume 400 mcg of folate daily from fortified foods or supplements.
Signs and Symptoms of Anemia
- Common symptoms include pallor, tachycardia, tachypnea, fatigue, and shortness of breath due to reduced oxygen delivery.
- Pernicious anemia presents with numbness in hands/feet, weakness, memory issues due to vitamin B12's role in neurologic function, and glossitis (inflamed, red tongue).
- Iron deficiency manifests as fissures at the corners of the mouth, glossitis, and spoon-shaped fingernails.
Diagnostic Tests for Anemia
- A complete blood count (CBC) determines RBC and WBC counts.
- Microscopic examination assesses blood cell size, color, and shape.
- Hgb and hematocrit (Hct) levels are below normal in anemia.
- Serum iron, ferritin, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) measurements assess iron deficiency.
- Serum folate and B12 levels may be measured.
- Bone marrow biopsy and analysis may also be done.
- Testing for intrinsic factor antibodies and homocysteine levels help diagnose pernicious anemia.
- Additional tests identify bleeding sources if blood loss is suspected.
Therapeutic Measures for Anemia
- Treatment focuses on addressing underlying causes.
- Dietary adjustments or supplements increase deficient nutrient intake.
- Changes in cooking habits, decreased alcohol intake, and managing chronic diarrhea can help correct B12 and folic acid deficits.
- Blood transfusions may be necessary for acute symptoms.
Nursing Process for Anemia: Data Collection
- Monitor Hgb and Hct levels, reporting any downward trends.
- Assess responses to therapy, fatigue level, and ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) safely.
- Monitor dyspnea and oxygen saturation, noting potential inaccuracies at lower Hgb levels.
- Observe for pallor in the skin and conjunctivae.
Nursing Diagnoses, Planning, and Implementation
- Decreased Activity Tolerance: Monitor vital signs, adjust activity levels based on patient response, plan for energy conservation, assist with self-care, limit interruptions, and administer oxygen.
- Imbalanced Nutrition: Consult a dietitian, educate on food choices, instruct on supplement use, and teach about lifelong B12 injections for pernicious anemia; supplements should be taken with vitamin C–rich foods or fluids to enhance absorption of iron.
- Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane Integrity: Monitor oral membranes, provide oral hygiene, encourage soft foods, and advise a soft toothbrush.
Evaluation
- Successful treatment is indicated by the patient's ability to tolerate usual activity levels without dyspnea or fatigue.
- The patient will explain the treatment plan and therapeutic measures for long-term prevention of problems.
- The oral mucosa will be intact.
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Description
Explore anemia: its pathophysiology, etiology, and symptoms such as dizziness and shortness of breath. Learn about nutritional deficiencies (iron, folic acid, B12) and genetic factors like G6PD deficiency that contribute to this condition.
