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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the AVPU scale in assessing a patient's conscious level?
What is the primary purpose of the AVPU scale in assessing a patient's conscious level?
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used for?
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) used for?
What is the term for a mildly depressed level of consciousness or alertness?
What is the term for a mildly depressed level of consciousness or alertness?
What is the term for the lack of critical mental function and a level of consciousness, in which an affected person is almost entirely unresponsive?
What is the term for the lack of critical mental function and a level of consciousness, in which an affected person is almost entirely unresponsive?
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What is included in the general examination of a patient?
What is included in the general examination of a patient?
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What is the term for a patient who is conscious, well oriented to time, place, and persons, and has an average mood and memory?
What is the term for a patient who is conscious, well oriented to time, place, and persons, and has an average mood and memory?
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What is the definition of Coma?
What is the definition of Coma?
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What is the formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?
What is the formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?
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What is the term for dyspnea on lying flat, relieved by semi-sitting position?
What is the term for dyspnea on lying flat, relieved by semi-sitting position?
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What is the term for the position of lying flat with the chest down and the back up?
What is the term for the position of lying flat with the chest down and the back up?
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What is the cause of pallor, a pale color of the skin?
What is the cause of pallor, a pale color of the skin?
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What is the term for the measurement from the top of the head to the upper border of the symphysis pubis?
What is the term for the measurement from the top of the head to the upper border of the symphysis pubis?
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What is the minimum amount of deoxygenated blood required for cyanosis to occur?
What is the minimum amount of deoxygenated blood required for cyanosis to occur?
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Which type of cyanosis affects the distal extremities and sometimes involves circumoral and periorbital areas?
Which type of cyanosis affects the distal extremities and sometimes involves circumoral and periorbital areas?
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What is the common cause of central cyanosis due to inadequate oxygenation?
What is the common cause of central cyanosis due to inadequate oxygenation?
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Which of the following is NOT a cardiovascular cause of central cyanosis?
Which of the following is NOT a cardiovascular cause of central cyanosis?
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What is the term for the inadequate oxygenation of the blood due to ventilation-perfusion mismatch and impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion?
What is the term for the inadequate oxygenation of the blood due to ventilation-perfusion mismatch and impaired alveolar-arterial diffusion?
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What is the term for the blueish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to an increase in deoxygenated blood?
What is the term for the blueish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to an increase in deoxygenated blood?
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What is the term for a yellowish discoloration of skin and mucous membrane due to increased serum bilirubin?
What is the term for a yellowish discoloration of skin and mucous membrane due to increased serum bilirubin?
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What is the normal temperature above which a person is considered to have a fever?
What is the normal temperature above which a person is considered to have a fever?
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What is the term for a condition where the body's core temperature falls below 35 C°?
What is the term for a condition where the body's core temperature falls below 35 C°?
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What is the term for increased blood viscosity due to certain medical conditions?
What is the term for increased blood viscosity due to certain medical conditions?
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What is the term for a condition where the body's core temperature rises above 41°C, causing its thermoregulatory mechanism to break down?
What is the term for a condition where the body's core temperature rises above 41°C, causing its thermoregulatory mechanism to break down?
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What is the term for a condition characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin due to reduced oxygen levels in the blood?
What is the term for a condition characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin due to reduced oxygen levels in the blood?
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Study Notes
Cyanosis
- Characterized by a blueish discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to increased deoxygenated blood (>5 g/dL)
- Types:
- Central cyanosis: generalized bluish discoloration of the body and visible mucous membranes due to inadequate oxygenation
- Peripheral cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the distal extremities (hands, fingertips, toes), sometimes involving circumoral and periorbital areas
Causes of Central Cyanosis
- Hypoventilation due to conditions affecting the central nervous system (intra-cranial hemorrhage, tonic-clonic seizures, heroin overdose)
- Pulmonary causes (bronchospasm, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, pulmonary hypertension, hyperventilation, COPD)
- Cardiovascular causes (heart failure, congenital heart diseases, valvular heart diseases)
General Examination and Symptomatology
- Mental state:
- Conscious level (normal, altered, lethargic, obtunded, stuporous, comatose)
- AVPU scale or Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) for rapid assessment of consciousness
- Body built:
- Weight
- Height
- Total height from top of head to feet
- Span from tip of mid-finger to the other
- Upper body segment from top of head to upper border of symphysis pubis
- Lower body segment from upper border of symphysis pubis to feet
- Body mass index (BMI)
- Decubitus:
- Normal: free lying in supine on bed
- Orthopnea: dyspnea on lying flat, relieved by semi-sitting position
- Platypnea (Orthodeoxia): dyspnea on semi-sitting position, relieved by lying flat
- Trypopnea: dyspnea on lying on one side
- Prone position: lying flat with chest down and back up
- General look:
- Complexion (pallor, cyanosis, jaundice)
- Vital signs
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Description
Test your knowledge of general examination and symptomatology in internal medicine, covering topics such as mental state, body build, vital signs, and head, neck, upper limb, and lower limb examinations. This quiz is based on the lecture notes of Dr. Heba Kamal, Lecturer of Internal Medicine at Menofia University's Faculty of Medicine.
