Questions and Answers
What is the genre of the literary work 'Dalit'?
Who is the author of 'Aklat ng mga Araw'?
Confucius
What is 'Oda' in terms of literary genre?
A lyric poem expressing praise.
Which of the following is a type of dramatic poem?
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What does the term 'Pastoral' refer to in literature?
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The genre of a poem composed of 14 lines is called a ______.
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The Iliad is attributed to Homer.
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What significant event does the 'Ampatuan massacre' refer to?
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Which planet is known as the 'Red Planet'?
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Who discovered the nucleus?
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What does 'hypertrophy' refer to?
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Which principle refers to the choice of the lesser evil from two bad things?
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Freud's first stage of development is called the ______ stage.
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What law is known as the Magna Carta for Public School Teachers?
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Which of the following is a psychoanalytic theory?
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The Trust vs. Mistrust stage occurs during 1 to 3 years old.
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In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which level is characterized by Social Contract and Individual Rights?
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The highest score minus the lowest score is called the ______.
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What are the three modes of representation according to Bruner?
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Match the following types of education theories with their focus:
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What is the term for the method of assessing students using a range of scores?
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Psychosocial development is a concept developed by Sigmund Freud.
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What is the name of the very first library in the world?
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DNA means?
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Who perpetuated the idea that reason is superior to experience as a source of knowledge?
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Which one should teacher B use if he wants to teach pupils the relationship among details?
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Which characteristic of a good test will pupils assure when a teacher constructs a table of specification for test construction purpose?
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What does the phrase 'What I hear, I forget. What I see, I remember. What I do, I understand' imply about learning?
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Which is unethical for teachers to do?
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What does a Table of Specification establish?
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Which is a type of graph in which lines represent each score or set of scores?
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Which theory is being demonstrated when a teacher presents a morally ambiguous situation to students and asks them what to do?
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Which applies when there are extreme scores?
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The process of judging an attribute based on certain goals or standards is called ________.
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According to Maslow, the highest of the needs in the Hierarchy of Needs theory is?
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Based on Freud's theory, which part operates when a person is in the height of anger?
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Which of the following is the most important stage in the testing process?
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Operant conditioning can be applied to the classroom by?
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What is the norm of a test?
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He is considered the first special education student?
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What is meant by a negatively skewed score distribution?
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The more indirect the classroom instruction, the more effective it is.
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This educator proposed 3 modes of representation, enactive, iconic, and symbolic?
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According to Erikson, identity and role confusion occurs during __________.
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__________ is a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication and by restricted and repetitive behavior.
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__________ refers to quantitative changes in an individual as he progresses in chronological age.
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__________ refers to a progressive series of changes of an orderly coherent type leading to the individual’s maturation.
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Study Notes
General Education and Professional Education Overview
- Emphasizes the importance of prayer before studying.
- William Sheldon highlighted physiological aspects of education.
- Various principles in social dimensions include Hedonism, Double Effect, and Lesser Evil.
Professional Education Key Concepts
- Teacher movement strategies:
- Thrust: Proceeding without assessment.
- Dangling: Interrupting current activities for new ones.
- Truncation: Abandoning an ongoing activity.
- Flip-Flop: Reverting to a previous activity.
- Stimulus-Bound: Easily distracted.
- Overdwelling: Excessive focus on one topic.
- Overlapping: Negative effects of multitasking.
Educational Philosophies (Isms)
- Various educational philosophies include:
- Behaviorism: Focus on observable changes.
- Essentialism: Emphasis on core knowledge.
- Existentialism: Importance of individual choice.
- Humanism: Personal development through education.
- Idealism: Knowledge as a mental construct.
- Realism: Knowledge through sensory experience.
- Progressivism: Social reform through education.
Educational Laws and Regulations
- PRC BR 435: Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers.
- RA NO. 1425: Requires inclusion of Jose Rizal's works in the curriculum.
- RA 4670: "Magna Carta for Public School Teachers."
- Numerous other laws related to education, including the K-12 Law and the TESDA Act.
Historical Educational Aims
- Pre-Spanish: Focus on survival.
- Spanish: Introduction of Christianity.
- American: Adoption of democratic ideals.
- Japanese: Emphasis on progress.
- Present: Competitiveness in a global context.
Important Proponents of Professional Education
- B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning technique.
- Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual development theories.
- John Dewey: Learning by doing.
- Jean Piaget: Stages of cognitive development.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Stages
- Focus on trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, and more, spanning from infancy to late adulthood.
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory Stages
- Sensory: Engaging senses in learning.
- Pre-Operational: Use of imagination.
- Concrete Operational: Logical reasoning.
- Formal Operational: Abstract thinking.
Bruner’s Modes of Representation
- Enactive: Action-based knowledge (0-1 years).
- Iconic: Image-based knowledge (1-6 years).
- Symbolic: Language-based knowledge (7+ years).
Measures of Central Tendency
- Mean: Average score.
- Mode: Most frequently occurring score.
- Median: Middle score; reliable when scores vary widely.
Variability in Data
- Range: Difference between highest and lowest scores.
- Standard Deviation: Indicates how scores spread around the mean.
Skewness in Data Distribution
- Positive Skew: More low scores; mean > mode.
- Negative Skew: More high scores; mean < mode.
Types of Communication
- Existential, modal, social greeting, response only, exclamatory, and temporal types of communication.
Theories of Language Origin
- Bow-Wow: Sounds from nature.
- Ding-Dong: Association with objects.
- Pooh-Pooh: Emotional expressions.
Influential Literary Figures
- Benvenido Santos, Daniel Defoe, Jose Rizal, and others contributed significantly to literature and culture.
Types of Stories in Literature
- Fables: Animal characters.
- Parables: Moral lessons.
- Anecdotes: Real-life stories.
Forms of Poetry and Their Characteristics
- Includes various styles like lyrical, epic, and dramatic poetry with unique structures.
Psychomotor Domain of Learning
- Encompasses physical skills, ranging from basic movements to complex motor skills.
Figures of Speech
- Simile and metaphor used for literary comparisons and meanings.### Theater Presentation and Literary Devices
- Dula refers to theatrical performances in Philippine culture, showcasing various comedies and dramas.
- Common Philippine plays include Tibag, Lagay, Panunuluyan, Panubol, Karilyo, Kurido, and Sarsuela, exploring themes like faith, love, and bravery.
- Noteworthy literary devices in poetry and literature:
- Allusion: references various aspects of human life.
- Metonymy: substitution of one term for another related term.
- Synecdoche: mentioning a part to signify the whole.
- Hyperbole: exaggerated statements not meant to be taken literally.
- Apostrophe: addressing non-living entities or absent people directly.
Philippine Constitutions
- Biak-na-Bato: pivotal for the first Republic, marked by a financial payout of ₱200,000 from Spaniards.
- Notable constitutions:
- Malolos Constitution: championed soldiers' rights without representation for Visayas.
- 1935 Constitution: primarily adapted from American constitutional principles.
- 1943 Constitution: enacted during Japanese occupation.
- 1987 Constitution: consists of 18 articles, emphasizing democracy and human rights.
Types of Poems
- Various classifications include:
- Ballad: narrative form often sung, closely tied to folklore.
- Haiku: a Japanese form consisting of three lines with a 5-7-5 syllable structure emphasizing nature.
- Sonnet: a lyrical poem comprising fourteen lines, traditionally in iambic pentameter.
Branches of Biology
- Key branches of study:
- Anatomy: structure of organisms.
- Ecology: interactions among living organisms and their environment.
- Genetics: heredity and variation among living organisms.
Important Historical Events
- Significant incidents in Philippine history:
- Ampatuan Massacre (2009): a politically driven mass murder.
- Zamboanga Siege (2013): armed conflict highlighting urban warfare.
- SAF 44 massacre (2015): a failed police operation resulting in the deaths of 44 personnel.
- Marawi siege (2017): a military confrontation against terrorist groups.
Key Vocabulary Terms
- Concepts shaped by social issues and personal descriptors:
- Hydrophobic: having a fear of water.
- Excruciating: unbearable pain or discomfort.
- Sophisticated: complex or intricate in design.
- Presumption of innocence: a legal principle asserting an individual's initial innocence until proven guilty.
Educational Insights
- Government assistance programs (GAP) provide opportunities for students outside public education.
- The importance of developing interpersonal intelligence to foster collaboration among students.
- Jean Jacques Rousseau emphasized childhood goodness and natural intuition, advocating for student-centered learning environments.
Management in Education
- Classroom management is crucial for maintaining an effective learning environment.
- Established routines contribute significantly to managing student behavior and promoting academic success.
- The role of teachers includes motivating students and promoting social values and ethics within the classroom setting.
Philosophies of Education
- Integral educational movements embrace varied philosophies such as progressivism, emphasizing experiential learning and critical thinking.
- Maslow’s hierarchy highlights the importance of meeting basic needs (physiological, safety) to facilitate higher-level needs (belongingness, self-actualization) in student development.
Earth and its Spheres
- Earth is divided into spheres that interact with one another:
- Atmosphere: protective gaseous layer.
- Hydrosphere: encompasses all water bodies.
- Lithosphere: Earth's solid surface, crust.
- Biosphere: all living organisms inhabiting the Earth.
Scientific Contributors
- Carolus Linnaeus: known as the Father of Taxonomy for classifying organisms.
- Robert Hooke: introduced the term "cells."
- Rudolf Virchow: established that cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Conclusion and Inspirational Thought
- Encouragement through faith: "I can do all things through Christ who gives me strength" (Philippians 4:13).
- Trusting in divine guidance often leads to understanding and strength in challenging times.### Libraries and Historical References
- First Library in the World: The Beijing Imperial Library, the Ashurbanipal Library, the UST Library, and the Alexandria Library were all significant libraries with historical relevance.
- DNA Definition: DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, a crucial molecule that carries genetic instructions.
Educational Testing and Evaluation
- Characteristics of a Good Test: Important traits include reliability, economy, scorability, and content validity.
- Cognitive Development Theories: Gestalt psychology contributed cognitive insights to learning theories.
Philosophy of Education
- Philosophical Perspectives: Different philosophies like Idealism, Existentialism, Realism, and Pragmatism influence teaching and learning approaches.
- Values in Education: Faith, hope, and love are lifelong values, regardless of societal valuation.
Classroom Management and Teacher Responsibilities
- Teacher's Response to Emergencies: Comforting a child who faints due to hunger is the most appropriate action.
- Teacher Ethics: Teachers must adhere to a code of ethics outlining their duties and responsibilities.
Validity and Reliability in Testing
- Types of Validity: Content validity is essential for tests covering specific objectives; construct and criterion-related validity help ensure tests are measuring what they intended.
- Reliability of Tests: Tests are consistent and stable if they yield similar results over time.
Constructs of Learning and Psychometrics
- Central Tendency Measures: The mean, median, and mode are important summary statistics; using the median is more reliable in skewed distributions.
- Interpreting Norms: The norm of a test refers to typical performance standards established by a test group.
Child Development and Learning Theories
- Critical Thinking: Metacognition is the ability to think about one's own thinking process.
- Influence of Environment: A child's emotional and family background can significantly influence their learning abilities and outcomes.
Classroom Strategies
- Effective Teaching Techniques: Teachers should utilize graphic organizers to help students understand relationships among details, and employ engaging methods for hands-on learning experiences.
- Inquiry-Based Learning: Challenging students with creative tasks nurtures critical thinking and engagement in the learning process.
Scoring and Assessment
- Grading Systems: Norm-referenced grading compares student performance to that of peers, while criterion-referenced grading measures against set standards.
- Test Item Analysis: Discrimination indices can assess the effectiveness of test items regarding student understanding.
Psychological Frameworks
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: The highest level is self-actualization; understanding this can guide educational approaches.
- Social Learning Theory: This theory emphasizes learning through observation and social interactions, developed primarily by Albert Bandura.
Methods of Instruction
- Problem-Solving Approach: Teachers act as facilitators in guiding students through problem-based learning.
- Teaching Reading: Activities involving classification and order are effective during the concrete operational stage of development.
Educational Ethical Considerations
- Gender Inequality in Education: Challenging traditional views that limit women's educational opportunities based on outdated beliefs.
- Support for Diverse Needs: Adjust teaching strategies to accommodate students from dysfunctional families or those facing emotional challenges.
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Description
Prepare for your general education and professional education exams with these ultimate notes, focusing on key philosophical concepts. Explore the physiological principles of William Sheldon and various ethical theories including hedonism and the double effect. Enhance your understanding of social dimensions and improve your exam readiness.
