General Civil Engineering Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the lean of the roof?

  • Roof
  • Truss
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the purpose of linseed oil?

  • Delicate
  • Common
  • Superior quality
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the minimum compressive strength of hollow load-bearing blocks?

  • 20 N/mm²
  • 10 N/mm² (correct)
  • 15 N/mm²
  • 4.5 N/mm²

    • What does OMC stand for?

    <p>Optimum moisture content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Concrete consists of what?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is RMC short for?

    <p>Ready Mix Concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the platform at the end of a series of steps called?

    <p>Landing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base course of lean concrete below spread footing proportion?

    <p>1:3:6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After how many days can formwork of props to beams and arches spanning over 6 m be removed?

    <p>14 Days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lift becomes essential in a building when the number of floors exceeds:

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a movable barrier or shutter component known as?

    <p>All of this</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the unit weight per cubic meter of water typically measure?

    <p>1000 kg/m³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the soil is waterlogged, its bearing capacity may be improved by:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for footing that supports more than two columns?

    <p>Strap footing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ordinary scaffolding consists of what?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are flooring measurements typically taken?

    <p>Unit area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heavy floods can cause what?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Queen post trusses are used when the span is:

    <p>8 to 12 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the units of measurement for expansion joints?

    <p>Unit length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The removal time of formwork depends on what factors?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is mat foundation also known as?

    <p>Raft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Formwork for slabs spanning up to 4.5 m can be removed after:

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of foundation?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum depth of foundation?

    <p>120 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differential settlement is due to what?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Failure of foundation is observed due to:

    <p>Both (1) and (2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grillage foundation is to be provided when:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Combined footing is provided in case of:

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the depth of excavation in case of grillage foundation limited to?

    <p>1.2 to 1.5 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raft foundation is provided when:

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is pile foundation preferred?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used building stone in Maharashtra?

    <p>Basalt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Masonry may be broadly classified into which categories?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rubble masonry is classified into which categories?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The minimum depth of the foundation below the ground in any soil is:

    <p>120 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cavity wall is wall comprising of:

    <p>Two parallel walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rock which is not calcareous is:

    <p>Limestone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Construction joints are generally provided in concrete for:

    <p>Roads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A low wall built out into the sea more or less perpendicular to the coastline is called:

    <p>Break wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The operation of removing material from the sea or river bed is known as:

    <p>None of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The important component of a sea port is:

    <p>The docks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The low water datum for a lake is defined as the surface of the lake when it is at elevation:

    <p>180 m above M.S.L.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a hydrographic map, the following features are shown:

    <p>Datum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Curing concrete for a long period ensures better:

    <p>Volume stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of proper and accurate measurement of concrete ingredients for uniformity of proportion is known as:

    <p>Curing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The high strength of rapid hardening cement at an early stage is due to its:

    <p>Finer grinding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For road pavements, the cement generally used is:

    <p>Blast furnace cement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following lines is used for tying a ship with a dock:

    <p>Bow line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The minimum and maximum diameters of sewers shall preferably be:

    <p>30 cm to 450 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The construction estimate of a project is used by:

    <p>The owner of the facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The wages of supervisors and material handlers are charged as:

    <p>Direct labour</p> Signup and view all the answers

    I.S. recommends providing certain minimum steel in an RCC beam:

    <p>To avoid stirrup steel in position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shear stress develops on a fluid element if:

    <p>The fluid is subject to uniform linear acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Consolidation in soils is:

    <p>A function of the effective stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The minimum area of tension reinforcement in a beam shall be greater than:

    <p>0.4 bd / y</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a compaction test, as the compaction effort is increased, the optimum moisture content:

    <p>None of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exposed vertical surface at right angles to the door and window frames are known as:

    <p>Heads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Course of stone or PCC which is laid at the top of the wall to protect it from rain is called:

    <p>Capstone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the bricks are laid with their length parallel to the face or front direction of the wall, the course is known as?

    <p>Stretcher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water absorption of good burnt clay brick should be less than?

    <p>20% by weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of taking out stones of various sizes from natural rocks is known as?

    <p>Quarrying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The horizontal distance between the vertical joints in successive courses is termed as?

    <p>Perpends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the load coming onto the pile is transferred to a suitable bearing stratum at its bottom end then it is called?

    <p>Bearing pile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exterior corner of a wall is known as?

    <p>Quoin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tools used by masons to check the verticality of the wall are?

    <p>Plumb bob</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stretcher bond is possible only in?

    <p>Half brick wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When two walls separated by a small gap are connected together by pins, it is called?

    <p>Cavity wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expansion joints in masonry walls are provided if the length of the wall exceeds?

    <p>25 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When first-class bricks are immersed in water for one hour, the weight of water absorbed by them should not exceed?

    <p>116 weight of brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bond in which each course consists of alternate stretchers and headers is known as?

    <p>Flemish bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sand used for manufacturing concrete blocks should pass through?

    <p>IS 12 mm sieve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cavity wall comprises of?

    <p>Two parallel walls with space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For walls, beams, columns, sides, the forms can be removed within?

    <p>16 to 24 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forms are used for?

    <p>Concrete construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Suitable temperature range of water for curing is?

    <p>10 to 40 C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joints are provided in concrete structures?

    <p>All the above joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional requirement of good flooring includes?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basement floor is defined as?

    <p>Below the natural ground level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional requirement of good flooring should ensure it is?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are commonly used roof coverings?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purlins are provided to?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An openable barrier to enter into a room is known as?

    <p>Door</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The location and number of doors should preferably allow for?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area of the window ranges between?

    <p>1/12th to 1/10th of floor area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biggest disadvantage of bricks flooring is that it is?

    <p>Absorbent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of vertical posts in a queen post truss is?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The material commonly used to cover pitched roofs with steel trusses is?

    <p>Tiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Average weight of Mangalore tiles should be between?

    <p>5 to 8 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The unsupported overhang of AC sheet should not be?

    <p>More than 30 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purposes served by a window are?

    <p>Both (1) and (2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Width of lintel is generally equal to?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In modern times, RCC lintels are extensively used because?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The horizontal distance measured perpendicular to the front & back faces of an arch is known as?

    <p>Thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The contraction joints in a structure are installed to allow for?

    <p>Shrinkage movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Louvered window is also known as?

    <p>None of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of formed and panelled doors, the ratio of glazed to panelled portions is?

    <p>2:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normally opted cross-section of style for the shutter is?

    <p>120 x 40 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combination of king post truss and queen post truss is used when the span is?

    <p>5 to 8 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials are required for stone masonry?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Single stone passing from front to back face & acts as a bond is known as?

    <p>Through stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Form work of props to slabs spanning more than 4.5 m can be removed after?

    <p>5 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flooring will you suggest for W.C. or bathroom?

    <p>Shahabad flooring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flooring in the bathroom and kitchens of posh residential buildings is?

    <p>Both (1) and (2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A truss is called composite truss when it has to slopes of?

    <p>Both (1) and (2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A.C. sheets are laid from right to left starting at?

    <p>Purlins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lean to roof is provided when span is limited to?

    <p>3.8 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jambs represent the …. side of the vertical member of the frame?

    <p>Inner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To provide additional M.S. flats that remain embedded in masonry is known as?

    <p>Hold fasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer vertical & horizontal members of a shutter are termed as?

    <p>Styles - rails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Area enclosed between styles and rails & made up of glass or timber is?

    <p>Panel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixture of ………… is known as putty, used for fixing glass panels?

    <p>Whiting chalk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rising butt hinge is used for the following purpose?

    <p>Both (1) and (2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Parliamentary hinge provides rotation through?

    <p>270°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Norfold or thumb latch offers …….. to the doors?

    <p>Both (1) and (2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light admittance only is achieved through?

    <p>Both (1) and (2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lintels are usually …

    <p>circular in shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lowered windows are responsible for?

    <p>Both (1) and (2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sliding doors occupy less space with ……. at the top & bottom?

    <p>Rebates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The best curing method for concrete is …

    <p>none of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of buildings where predominant pedestrian traffic is?

    <p>Revolving doors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For counterbalancing the door ………. are enclosed in the drum?

    <p>Weights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grade of high yield strength deformed bar used in RCC is?

    <p>Fe-415</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Timber flooring is preferred in …

    <p>all residential buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In king post truss there will be …

    <p>more than two vertical posts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cement older than 3 months loses its strength by?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plastic doors are preferred for both W.C.s as they are?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    53 Grade cement refers to?

    <p>Strength of cement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Usual locations of siding windows are in case of?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water used for concrete mixing and curing shall be?

    <p>Potable water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lower most part of pitched roof is …

    <p>roof covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pointed arch is also known as?

    <p>Gothic arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sides of the abutments or piers below the springers lines are called as?

    <p>Jambs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of flush door is …

    <p>solid core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Curing for concrete shall be done for?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lintel is a horizontal structural member which is fixed?

    <p>Over opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swing doors have meeting styled without …

    <p>rebate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The line joining equal amounts of rainfall at rainguage stations is?

    <p>ISO hyets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water cement ratio is the ratio of water to cement by?

    <p>By weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a rule, the depth of the lintel can be adopted as?

    <p>1/12 of span</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Form work is …

    <p>temporary arrangement for repair works</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A watertight structure constructed during excavation of foundation in river bed is known as?

    <p>Cofferdam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Expansion & contraction joints in concrete structure are provided to …

    <p>allow for volume of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The usual concrete mix for RCC lintels is?

    <p>1:2:4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In RCC lintel minimum number of reinforcement bars should be?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bricks are burnt at a temperature from?

    <p>3000C to 5000C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lower surface of bricks or stone of each course is called as …

    <p>back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of giving definite & regular shape with smooth face is known as …

    <p>quarrying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The curves of roads are provided with ……….. for safety of vehicles?

    <p>Camber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lintel formed by using frog bricks is termed as?

    <p>Forged lintel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When brick is cut into two halves longitudinally, one part is known as …

    <p>cornice brick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The final setting time for ordinary Portland cement shall be?

    <p>100 min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rubbing ends of shutters of revolving doors prevent?

    <p>Both (1) and (2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As per I.S. specifications, the temperature for curing is?

    <p>27°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tests are carried out on bricks to test its quality?

    <p>soundness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Threshold is provided at the?

    <p>Bottom level of the frame</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Air seasoning for soft wood is done for?

    <p>60 to 90 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recess made to receive the shutter is called?

    <p>Rebate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When two or more individual column footings are joined by beam it is called …

    <p>strip footing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effect of bulking of sand is because of?

    <p>Moisture in sand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The covering of exposed top of wall is called …

    <p>coping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spring hinge provides ……… to the door?

    <p>Swing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertical members used to subdivide the shutter is termed as?

    <p>Mullion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The water cement ratio principle was established by?

    <p>Duff Abram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For the areas subjected to vermin attack or dampness, the material used for frames is?

    <p>R.C.C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A load bearing partition wall is called …

    <p>external wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The area from which a dam receives water for storage is called?

    <p>Catchment area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    G.I. sheets are fixed with special screws & washers driven through the hole drilled in …

    <p>all of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximate density of concrete shall be?

    <p>2240 Kg/m3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Total quantity of A.C. sheets required for covering 100 sqm is?

    <p>115 Sqm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a load test of a slab, the maximum load applied is equal to?

    <p>Design load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of swing door following type of hinge is provided …

    <p>strap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Manning's formula V = I/n R^(2/3) S^(1/2), R indicates?

    <p>None</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effect due to obstruction in the waterway is called?

    <p>Afflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of lowered doors/windows, the lower edge of the louver on the outer side is below the upper edge of the louver on the inner side.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liquid and plastic limits exist in?

    <p>Clay soils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grillage foundation is to be provided when …

    <p>less load acting on columns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ultimate bearing capacity of soil is?

    <p>Load of which soil fails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The discharge through a canal is measured at?

    <p>SWF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials are employed for floor finish?

    <p>Marble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The curve composed of two arcs of different radius, curving in opposite directions is known as?

    <p>Reverse curve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In M-20 concrete, M represents?

    <p>Mix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Purposes served by a window are …

    <p>none of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As a rule, the depth of lintel can be adopted as …

    <p>1/20 of span</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water loss in liter/min/m depth at pressure 10 kg/cm^2 is termed as?

    <p>Lugeon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cement required for construction of one cubic meter of concrete of M-20 grade?

    <p>7.6 bags</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Partial ventilation and privacy can be achieved through …

    <p>ventilator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In coarse rubble masonry, the mortar joint shall be less than … on face work?

    <p>15 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flooring would you suggest for kitchen otta?

    <p>Kadappa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Component of pitched roof is …

    <p>basement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maximum area of tension reinforcement in beam shall not exceed the …. area of concrete?

    <p>2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In colgrout masonry with water/cement ratio 0.84 for grout, the water to be added for one 50 kg bag mix is?

    <p>84 Ltr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For walls, beams, columns, sides the forms can be removed within …

    <p>2 to 4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Course of stone or P.C.C. which is laid at top wall so as to protect the wall from rain is known as …

    <p>cornice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liquid and plastic limits predominantly exist in?

    <p>Clay soils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A footing which supports two columns is known as …

    <p>none of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertical distance between the wall plate and top of the ridge is called… of roof?

    <p>Rise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steel in RCC beam takes…?

    <p>Tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mortar of the masonry joints to be covered by painting is raked out at least to a depth of…?

    <p>20 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A section with more steel reinforcement than a balanced section is called…?

    <p>Over reinforced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Distemper is used on…?

    <p>Plastered surfaces not exposed to weather</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The shrinkage in a concrete slab causes?

    <p>Cracks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Safe permissible load for brick masonry in C.M. first class is…?

    <p>100 ton/m²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The slump test of concrete is used to measure its?

    <p>Consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The full form of M.D.D.L. is?

    <p>Maximum draw down level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The unit weight per cubic meter of mild steel is?

    <p>7850 kg/m³</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vertical members to which shutters are attached are called?

    <p>All of these</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The horizontal members at the top of the frame are called?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    High Yield Strength Bars and Cement

    • High yield strength deformed bars used in RCC typically include Fe-415 grade.
    • Cement older than three months may lose up to 30% of its strength.
    • 53 Grade cement indicates a strong type, characterized by a specific weight of cement per bag and performance.

    Curing and Water Usage

    • Concrete curing should last at least 28 days to ensure proper strength.
    • The water-cement ratio is calculated by weight, determining the amount of water used for mixing concrete.
    • Potable water should be used for mixing and curing concrete to ensure quality and structural integrity.

    Structural and Material Properties

    • Bricks are generally burnt at temperatures between 300°C to 1200°C for durability.
    • Road curves are enhanced with camber for improved vehicle safety.
    • The ultimate bearing capacity of soil is a critical factor, affecting structural design and safety.

    Soil and Water Management

    • The discharge in a canal is typically measured at structures called Siphons or regulators.
    • The area from which a dam gathers water for storage is referred to as the catchment area.
    • Moisture content and effective density ranges influence pavement and concrete designs.

    Construction Standards and Techniques

    • The final setting time for ordinary Portland cement is generally around 60 minutes.
    • Air seasoning for softwood typically lasts between 30 to 60 days for optimal results.
    • The vertical distance between a roof plate and the ridge is referred to as the roof rise.

    Building Materials

    • Concrete is comprised of cement, sand, aggregates, and water, which are crucial for its structural integrity.
    • Hollow load-bearing blocks must achieve a minimum compressive strength of 4.5 N/mm².
    • The unit weight of mild steel averages 7850 kg/m³, relevant for structural calculations.

    Miscellaneous

    • The unit weight of AC sheets required for a specified area can vary, with about 1.25 times the coverage calculated.
    • Distemper is commonly used on plastered surfaces that are not exposed to the weather for aesthetic purposes.
    • Various reinforcement metrics apply, such as the maximum allowable tension reinforcement percentage in beams should not exceed 1.50%.

    Terminology and Definitions

    • RMC stands for Ready Mix Concrete, which is prepared off-site for delivery.
    • The platform at the end of a staircase is known as a landing, essential for safe movement.
    • Formwork for props supporting beams spanning more than 6 meters can typically be removed after 7 days of curing.### Water and Soil Properties
    • Unit weight of water commonly used in engineering is around 1000 kg/m³.
    • Bearing capacity of waterlogged soil can be enhanced through compaction, grouting, or drainage techniques.

    Footing Types

    • Strip footing supports more than two columns.
    • Ordinary scaffolding incorporates braces, bridle, and raker for support.

    Foundation Considerations

    • Measurement of flooring is typically based on unit area rather than unit length or volume.
    • Heavy floods can lead to soil erosion, foundation failure, and undermining of structures.
    • Queen post trusses are suitable for spans greater than 15 m.

    Joint Measurement and Formwork

    • Expansion joint measurements are categorized by unit length.
    • The removal time of formwork depends on member type, concrete mix, and cement type, typically around 14 hours to 25 hours.

    Mat Foundation

    • Mat foundation is equivalently known as raft foundation.
    • Formwork for slabs up to 4.5 m can typically be removed after around 25 hours.

    Foundation Depth and Settlement

    • Minimum foundation depth is generally specified at 90 cm.
    • Differential settlement issues arise from uneven loading or varying soil compressibility.
    • Uniform settlement can cause foundation failures, especially if the soil is heavily loaded or possesses low bearing capacity.

    Grillage and Combined Footing

    • Grillage foundation is necessary for steel columns with low bearing capacity.
    • Combined footing is often utilized to reduce differential settlement between closely spaced columns.

    Excavation Depth

    • Excavation for grillage foundations is limited to approximately 1.5 m to 1.8 m.

    Raft Foundation Usage

    • Raft foundation is ideal when soil conditions are uncertain or when covering areas greater than 5% for differential settlement considerations.

    Pile Foundation

    • Pile foundation is preferred in conditions with potential for differential settlement or shallow depths, especially in expansive soil areas.

    Brick and Masonry

    • Basalt is a prevalent building stone in Maharashtra.
    • Masonry broadly includes stone, brick, and block types, with rubble masonry classified into coursed and dry rubble.
    • Good burnt clay brick should not absorb more than 20% of its weight in water.

    Joints and Bonds

    • Expansion joints in masonry walls are recommended if walls exceed 25 m in length.
    • Water absorption tests for first-class bricks indicate that the absorption should not exceed 15% of the brick's weight.
    • English and Flemish bonds are common types of brick bonding, with each having alternating courses of stretchers and headers.

    Miscellaneous

    • Cavity walls consist of two separate walls with a space in between, enhancing thermal insulation and structural stability.
    • Suitable temperature for water used in curing is preferably between 10°C to 40°C.### Functional Requirements of Flooring
    • Good flooring should be durable, easy to clean, and aesthetically pleasing.
    • Additional desirable qualities include low maintenance and resistance to dampness and noise.

    Basement Floor

    • A basement floor is constructed between two parapets, typically below natural ground level.

    Roof Covering Materials

    • Common materials for roof covering include Mangalore tiles, asbestos-cement sheets, and corrugated tiles.

    Purlins

    • Purlins are structural members that interconnect trusses and support common rafters, contributing to the roof's stability.

    Doors and Windows

    • Doors serve as openable barriers to access rooms, while windows typically provide light and ventilation.
    • The ideal location and number of doors should allow for cross-ventilation and diffused natural light.

    Window Area

    • The recommended window area ranges from 1/12th to 1/10th of the total floor area for optimal daylight.

    Brick Flooring Disadvantages

    • Brick flooring can be expensive, absorbent, and requires skilled labor for installation, making it less favorable in some cases.

    Queen Post Truss

    • A queen post truss typically features two vertical posts to enhance structural integrity.

    Roof Covering for Pitched Roofs

    • Common materials for pitched roofs over steel trusses include tiles, shingles, and cement sheets.

    Mangalore Tiles Weight

    • The average weight of Mangalore tiles should be between 3 to 6 kg.

    Unsupported Overhangs

    • Unsupported overhangs of AC sheets should not exceed specified limits, generally around 1 meter.

    Lintels

    • RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) lintels are preferred due to their fireproof and durable characteristics.

    Thickness of Arches

    • The horizontal distance measured perpendicular to the front and back faces of an arch is known as its depth.

    Construction Joints

    • Contraction joints in structures are necessary to accommodate movements, ensuring structural stability.

    Louvered Windows

    • Louvered windows serve as ventilation openings, allowing air to flow while maintaining privacy.

    Glazed to Panelled Doors Ratio

    • In formed and panelled doors, the ratio of glazed to panelled portions is typically set at 1:2.

    Shutter Cross-section

    • Standard cross-sections for shutters are commonly around 100 mm x 40 mm or 120 mm x 50 mm.

    Trusses Combination

    • A combination of king post truss and queen post truss is used for spans greater than 5 meters.

    Formwork Materials

    • Timber and plywood are widely used materials for formwork because they are cheap and easy to assemble on site.

    Stone Masonry Materials

    • Stone masonry requires materials such as stones, help mortar, lime, and mud.

    Through Stone in Masonry

    • A single stone passing from the front to back face in masonry is termed a through stone.

    Formwork Removal Time

    • For slabs spanning more than 4.5 meters, formwork can generally be removed after 7 days.

    Flooring Recommendations

    • Suitable flooring for W.C. or bathrooms includes granolithic flooring, avoiding wooden options.

    High-End Residential Flooring

    • Posh residential buildings often feature mosaic or marble flooring in bathrooms and kitchens.

    Composite Trusses

    • A composite truss is one that incorporates both king and queen post trusses, offering diverse structural advantages.

    Installation of A.C. Sheets

    • A.C. sheets are installed starting from the eaves and proceed towards the ridge.

    Lean-to Roof Span

    • Lean-to roofs are generally used for spans limited to 3.8 meters or less.

    Jambs Definition

    • Jambs refer to the inner or outer sides of the vertical members of a door or window frame.

    Additional M.S. Flats

    • Additional M.S. (Mild Steel) flats embedded in masonry provide reinforcement, commonly referred to as hold fasts.

    Shutter Components

    • The outer vertical and horizontal elements of a shutter are known as styles and rails, respectively.

    Putty Composition

    • Putty for fixing glass panels is composed of whiting chalk and linseed oil.

    Rising Butt Hinges

    • Rising butt hinges facilitate the lifting of heavy doors, aiding in their operation over obstructions like carpets.

    Parliamentary Hinges

    • Parliamentary hinges allow for a door to swing open through angles of up to 270 degrees, providing expansive access.

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