General Biology 2 Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of muscle tissue is characterized by being voluntary and having multiple nuclei?

Skeletal muscle tissue (correct)

Smooth muscle tissue

Dense muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle tissue

Which tissue is known for cushioning joints?

Cartilage (correct)

Adipose tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Bone tissue

What is a defining characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?

It is striated and has single nuclei. (correct)

It is composed only of fibroblasts.

It lines hollow organs and is not striated.

It is voluntary and has multiple nuclei.

What is the primary function of adipose tissue?

Stores energy and insulates Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue lacks striation?

Smooth muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue is responsible for producing blood cells?

Bone tissue Signup and view all the answers

What function does nervous tissue perform?

Transmits electrical signals Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a rubbery matrix of glycoproteins and collagen fibers?

Cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for two alleles that are both fully expressed in heterozygous individuals?

Codominance Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic condition is an example of a genetic abnormality that does not cause medical problems?

Polydactyly Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of pleiotropy in genetics?

The effect of one gene on multiple traits Signup and view all the answers

What is epistasis?

A single trait influenced by many genes Signup and view all the answers

Which condition exemplifies a heritable genetic disorder with varied severity?

Cystic fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of allele is expressed only in homozygotes?

Autosomal recessive allele Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of traits influenced by multiple genes?

They demonstrate continuous variation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding an autosomal dominant allele?

It can be expressed in both homozygotes and heterozygotes. Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic variation is often tied to complex traits?

Interactions among multiple genes Signup and view all the answers

What does a continuous variation in phenotype typically indicate?

Influence from numerous genes and factors. Signup and view all the answers

What substance primarily serves as the liquid component of blood?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin is responsible for producing melanin?

Epidermis Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for the production of red blood cells?

Skeletal System Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the urinary system?

Maintains blood volume and composition Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system helps to excrete waste and regulate body temperature?

Integumentary System Signup and view all the answers

What does homeostasis refer to in biological systems?

Maintaining internal stability Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is considered the largest organ in the human body?

Skin Signup and view all the answers

What process do endotherms utilize to maintain stable body temperature?

Thermogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What role do lymphatic systems play in human health?

Defense against pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily composes the dermis layer of skin?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which system coordinates the body's response to internal and external stimuli?

Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the outcome of negative feedback in homeostasis?

Reversal of changes Signup and view all the answers

Which system is responsible for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion?

Respiratory System Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin contains blood vessels and nerves?

Dermis Signup and view all the answers

What role did lightning play in the origin of organic compounds?

It produced organic compounds from a mixture of gases. Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests that the common ancestor of all organisms existed around 4 billion years ago?

Comparative gene analysis of living organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis suggests that metabolism originated on the surface of rocks rich in iron sulfide?

Iron-sulfur world hypothesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of viruses?

They can only replicate inside a living host cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which process may have allowed eukaryotic organelles like mitochondria to evolve?

Endosymbiosis with prokaryotic cells. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the nucleic acid of plant viruses?

Single-stranded RNA. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of oxygen accumulation in the Earth's atmosphere?

It led to the formation of the ozone layer. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ribozymes?

They are self-replicating molecules that may have been the first genetic material. Signup and view all the answers

What is a disease vector in the context of viral transmission?

An organism that transmits a pathogen from one host to another. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event is believed to have occurred around 3.5 billion years ago?

The appearance of the earliest fossil cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is hypothesized to have stored the first genetic material?

Self-replicating ribozymes (RNA). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the lysogenic pathway of a virus?

The virus integrates its DNA into the host's chromosome. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common function of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in relation to the origin of life?

They create environments where amino acids can form spontaneously. Signup and view all the answers

Which statements accurately reflect the findings about plant viruses?

They commonly use insect vectors for transmission. Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is most abundant in a vertebrate body?

Connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which epithelial tissue lines the air sacs in the lungs and allows substances to cross by diffusion?

Simple Squamous Epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is responsible for voluntary movements such as running?

Skeletal muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adipose tissue in the connective tissue category?

Heat production and cold insulation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into a limited variety of cells?

Adult stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What role do fibroblasts play in soft connective tissue?

Secrete collagen and extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which function does nervous tissue primarily serve?

Detecting stimuli and relaying information Signup and view all the answers

What material primarily comprises the fibers in connective tissues?

Collagen Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue is primarily found in the outer layer of skin, protecting underlying tissues?

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of muscle tissues?

They are densely packed with little to no matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of the blood as a connective tissue?

Transporting nutrients and waste Signup and view all the answers

How does an endocrine gland differ from an exocrine gland?

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is characterized by relatively few fibroblasts and scattered fibers in its matrix?

Loose connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

General Biology 2 Study Notes

Biology: The scientific study of life.
Scientific study of life: Scientists continually discover new species. Extinction rates are accelerating.
Living and Nonliving things: Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of all matter. Molecules are associations of two or more atoms. Unique properties of life emerge from the interactions of these components.
Components: atoms, molecules, cells, organisms and more.
Cell: Smallest unit of life, consists of 1 or more cells.
Organism: An individual consisting of 1 or more cells..
Levels of organization: Population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere.
Energy sources: Producers make their own food and consumers get energy from other organisms.
Respond to change: Organisms sense and respond to changes inside and outside themselves via homeostasis.
Respond to stimulation: Organisms respond to stimulation.
Grow and reproduce: Organisms grow, develop, and reproduce by increasing cell size, volume and number.
Reproduction: A process by which individuals make offspring.
Inheritance: The transmission of genetic material (DNA) to offspring.
Energy and nutrients: Energy is needed to do work, nutrients are necessary for survival. Organisms can't create nutrients.
Biodiversity: The variations among living organisms.
Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms without a nucleus. Examples are bacteria and archaea.
Eukaryotes: Organisms with DNA contained within a nucleus. Examples are protists, plants, fungi and animals.
Taxonomy: The practice of naming and classifying species.
Species: A unique kind of organism with a unique two-part scientific name (genus and species). Members of a species can interbreed, produce fertile offspring.
Taxonomic rank: Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
Scientific Method: Observing, hypothesizing, predicting, experimenting, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions.
Scientific theory: A hypothesis that has not been disproven after rigorous years of testing.
Law of Nature: A phenomenon observed to occur every time, without failure.
Hypothesis: Testable explanation.
Scientific method: A systematic way of making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses.
Model: Analogous system used to test hypotheses.
Cell Cycle: A series of events from when a cell forms until its cytoplasm divides. Includes Interphase, Mitosis and Cytoplasmic Division.
Mitosis: A nuclear division mechanism maintaining chromosome number in daughter cells. The process involves a series of phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
Interphase: The interval between mitotic divisions.
Homologous chromosomes: Members of a chromosome pair with the same length, shape and genes. One member comes from the female parent and the other comes from the male parent.
Cell division: Reproduction by division into two cells.
Cells reproduction: Cells reproduce by dividing in two, Each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.
Cell Division Gone Wrong: Neoplasm - accumulation of abnormally dividing cells, Tumor- Neoplasm that forms a lump and Oncogenes - promotes mitosis (a mutation that causes a normal cell to become cancerous).
Tumor suppressor: Genes that inhibit mitosis.
Cancer: Malignant neoplasms that break free and invade other issues (metastasis). Characteristic features include grow and divide abnormally, abnormal plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, chromosome number, metabolism and deficient adhesion proteins.
Telomeres: Non-coding DNA sequences that are located at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes providing a buffer and protection against the loss of crucial genetic information.
Sex and Alleles: Paired genes on homologous chromosomes might vary slightly in DNA sequence and forms of a gene with subtly different versions of the gene's product.
Asexual reproduction: Offspring arise from one parent, and offspring are genetic clones; and Sexual reproduction produces offspring that inherit genes from two parents and exhibit diversity of offspring.
Meiosis: A type of cellular division that halves the genetic material, a necessary part of sexual reproduction, and it produces four haploid cells from one diploid cell.
Meiosis I and Meiosis II: Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division; Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, and Meiosis II separates sister chromatids resulting in four haploid daughter cells.
Punnett Squares: A tool to calculate probability of genotype and phenotype of offspring from crosses.
Patterns of inheritance: Monohybrid crosses and Dihybrid crosses.
Mendel's laws: Established principles of inheritance.
Alleles: Different forms of a gene.
Genotype: Genetic makeup, and Phenotype: Observable trait.
Dominant and recessive alleles: Dominant alleles mask the effect of recessive alleles.
Homozygous: Identical alleles of a gene, and Heterozygous: Unidentical alleles of a gene.
Incomplete dominance: One allele is not fully dominant over another, so the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate.
Codominance: Two alleles are both fully expressed in heterozygotes.
Pleiotropy: A single gene influences multiple traits.
Epistasis: A trait is influenced by the products of multiple genes.
Complex variations in traits: Influenced by many genes and other factors that result in continuous distribution of phenotypes.
Continuous variation: A range of small increments of phenotype.
Human Genetic Analysis: Standardized charts illustrating phenotypes of family members and their genetic connections used to follow inheritance patterns in humans.
Chromosomal mutations: Abnormalities occur due to incorrect separation of chromosomes during cell division.
Genetic screening: Potential parents with risk of transmitting harmful alleles have screening options and treatments.
Types of tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
Epithelial tissues: Sheet-like tissues that form the covering of organs or line body cavities. Cells are tightly connected with a basement membrane.
Connective tissues: The most diverse tissue in animals. Support, connect or separate and protect different parts of the body. Matrix is the extracellular portion composed of collagen protein and an amorphous ground substance, which surrounds a variety of cells.
Muscular tissues: Characteristically elongated muscle cells. Responsible for movement. They contract to generate force and movement.
Nervous tissues: The communication system. They control body functions.
Organs: Structural unit composed of different tissue types that carry out specific tasks.
Complex traits: Traits influenced by many genes.
Organ systems: Groups of organs working together to perform particular functions.
Homeostasis: The maintenance of internal conditions within a tolerable range.
Temperature regulation: Maintaining a stable temperature (endotherms) or the ectotherm whose body temperature fluctuates with the surrounding environmental temperature.
Feedback mechanism: A change in one direction triggers a response that reverses the change.
Cellular respiration: The process by which organisms obtain energy from carbohydrates.
Aerobic respiration: Respiration using oxygen, and anaerobic respiration respiration without oxygen.
Metabolic diversity: Organisms obtain energy and carbon from different sources.
Autotrophs: Organism that create their own food.
Heterotrophs: organisms that get carbon from other organisms.
Photoautotrophs: Organisms that get energy from light and use carbon dioxide to make food.
Chemoautotrophs: Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals.
Photoheterotrophs: Organisms that get energy from light and carbon from organic molecules.
Chemoheterotrophs: Organisms that get both energy and carbon from organic molecules.
Decomposers: Organisms that break down organic compounds into inorganic ones.
Protists: A diverse group of eukaryotes that are neither plants, fungi, nor animals. Heterotrophic protists are characterized by their feeding method.
Cellular slime molds: They live as single-celled organisms but aggregate to form a fruiting body.
Plasmodial slime molds: Heterotrophic protists that move and feed as a multinucleated mass.
Flagellated protists: Heterotrophic lineage of unwalled, single-celled protists.
Foraminiferans: Single-celled predators that secrete calcium carbonate shells.
Ciliates: Single-celled heterotrophs that use cilia for movement and feeding.
Amoebas: Single-celled heterotrophic amoebozoans that move and feed by extending pseudopods.
Diatoms: Single-celled organisms that have two-part silica shells.
Brown algae: Multicellular organisms ranging in size from microscopic filaments to giant kelps.
Red algae: Single or multicellular photosynthetic protists
Green algae: Single-celled, colonial, or multicelled photosynthetic protists.
Dinoflagellates: Single-celled aquatic organisms with two flagella.
Virus: A non-cellular, infectious particle consisting of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) inside a protein coat.
Viral replication: Processes that viruses undergo to reproduce inside a host cell.
Lytic cycle: Virally replicates inside a host cell, and then breaks open the plasma membrane to release newly generated viruses.
Lysogenic cycle: Virus becomes integrated into the host's genetic material.
Bacteria: Prokaryotic organisms.
Archaea: Prokaryotic organisms.
Prokaryotes characteristics: Typical bacterial cell; no nucleus, no other organelles, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a single circular chromosome (DNA).
Prokaryote reproduction: Binary fission, asexual reproduction that forms two identical descendant cells.
Ebola: An enveloped RNA virus that emerges in Africa, a disease transmitted by nonhuman primates and fruit bats.
Influenza: A disease-causing enveloped RNA viruses.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus): An enveloped RNA virus that infects human white blood cells. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that transforms viral RNA into DNA and integrate it into the host chromosome, and hosts' cell proteins and RNA form new viral particles.
Viruses and human health: Some viruses are beneficial; other viruses are human pathogens.

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Dive into the intricate study of life with this General Biology 2 quiz. Learn about the fundamental building blocks of life, levels of organization, and how living organisms interact with their environments. This quiz covers essential concepts including cells, energy sources, and biological responses.